PERSPECTIVE: Current US COVID-19 Pandemic Substance Use Research and Ideas for Research That May Help Us Learn More.

BACKGROUND

The COVID-19 pandemic likely had and will continue to have severe implications for those who use addictive substances, have substance use disorders, or use substance use related health care services. Policy and services research, particularly health economics research, can illuminate these effects on individuals, uncover the effects of the rapidly imposed changes in policy on how services were delivered, promote efficient and effective provision of services, and inform responses to future pandemics.

AIMS OF THE STUDY

To identify potential substance use related effects of COVID-19 and pandemic mitigation policies, highlight themes in current research, and suggest areas for further high-quality policy and services research, with an emphasis on health economics research.

METHODS

Review of recent published commentaries, government documents, and initial research findings to describe potential impacts, and review of current COVID-19 related research grants funded by the United States National Institutes of Health to identify themes.

RESULTS

Potential impacts include increased risk for and severity of COVID-19 illness among those who use substances, mitigation measures causing increased substance use and development of use disorders, and fundamental changes in the way treatment is provided. Current research may provide initial findings that may be useful in generating hypotheses for future rigorous research.

DISCUSSION

Research on these and other areas could enhance our fundamental understanding of the needs of individuals who use substances and how to best address those needs in the most efficient, effective way. Though this brief review highlights some areas of potential interest, its focus is mainly on treatment and on the United States context. Research on additional services and contexts likely could inform advances as well.

IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE

Health care providers rapidly and under considerable stress made needed changes that likely mitigated SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Rigorous research can help determine what worked best and for whom, what could be kept, and what might better be discarded.

IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICIES

Research on the effects of mitigation policies may inform the development of policies to reduce negative effects when addressing future pandemics, whether to permanently allow at least some substance use treatment flexibilities, and whether research on other restrictive policies might lead to improvement.

IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

This extraordinary event brought into sharp relief the numerous vulnerabilities of those who use substances and those with substance use disorders while also leading to vast changes in the services that address them. Rigorous research into those effects could result in significant improvements in policy and practice.