Comparative Genomics Reveals Insights into Induction of Violacein Biosynthesis and Adaptive Evolution in .

Violacein has different bioactive properties conferring distinct selective advantages, such as defense from predation and interspecific competition. Adaptation of to diverse habitats likely leads to variation in violacein production among phylogenetically closely related species inhabiting different environments, yet genomic mechanisms and the influence of adaptive evolution underpinning violacein biosynthesis in are not clear. In this study, we performed genome sequencing, comparative genomic analysis, and phenotypic characterization to investigate genomic factors regulating violacein production in nine strains, including a type strain from soil and eight strains we isolated from terrestrial subsurface sediment and groundwater. Results show that although all nine strains are phylogenetically closely related and contain genes essential for violacein biosynthesis, they vary in carbon usage and violacein production. Sediment and groundwater strains are weak violacein producers and possess far fewer secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes, indicating genome adaptation compared to soil strains. Further examination suggests that quorum sensing (QS) may play an important role in regulating violacein in : the strains exhibiting strong potential in violacein production possess both -acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) QS and QS (JQS) systems in their genomes, while weaker violacein-producing strains harbor only the JQS system. Preliminary tests of spent media of two strains possessing both AHL QS and JQS systems support the potential role of AHLs in inducing violacein production in . Overall, results from this study reveal potential genomic mechanisms involved in violacein biosynthesis in and provide insights into evolution of for adaptation to oligotrophic terrestrial subsurface environment. Phylogenetically closely related bacteria can thrive in diverse environmental habitats due to adaptive evolution. Genomic changes resulting from adaptive evolution lead to variations in cellular function, metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. The most well-known secondary metabolite produced by is the purple-violet pigment violacein. To date, the mechanisms of induction of violacein biosynthesis in is not clear. Comparative genome analysis of closely related strains isolated from different environmental habitats not only reveals potential mechanisms involved in induction of violacein production by but also provides insights into the survival strategy of for adaptation to oligotrophic terrestrial subsurface environment.