Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Ulls väg 16, 756 51 Sweden.
Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St., 51005, Tartu, Estonia.
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2022 Mar 3;46(2). doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuab058.
Fungi form a major and diverse component of most ecosystems on Earth. They are both micro and macroorganisms with high and varying functional diversity as well as great variation in dispersal modes. With our growing knowledge of microbial biogeography, it has become increasingly clear that fungal assembly patterns and processes differ from other microorganisms such as bacteria, but also from macroorganisms such as plants. The success of fungi as organisms and their influence on the environment lies in their ability to span multiple dimensions of time, space, and biological interactions, that is not rivalled by other organism groups. There is also growing evidence that fungi mediate links between different organisms and ecosystems, with the potential to affect the macroecology and evolution of those organisms. This suggests that fungal interactions are an ecological driving force, interconnecting different levels of biological and ecological organisation of their hosts, competitors, and antagonists with the environment and ecosystem functioning. Here we review these emerging lines of evidence by focusing on the dynamics of fungal interactions with other organism groups across various ecosystems. We conclude that the mediating role of fungi through their complex and dynamic ecological interactions underlie their importance and ubiquity across Earth's ecosystems.
真菌是地球上大多数生态系统的主要和多样化组成部分。它们既是微观生物又是宏观生物，具有高度和不同的功能多样性，以及在分散模式上的巨大差异。随着我们对微生物生物地理学的了解不断增加，越来越明显的是，真菌的组装模式和过程与其他微生物（如细菌）不同，也与植物等宏观生物不同。真菌作为生物的成功及其对环境的影响在于它们能够跨越时间、空间和生物相互作用的多个维度，这是其他生物群体无法比拟的。越来越多的证据表明，真菌在不同生物和生态系统之间架起了联系的桥梁，有可能影响这些生物的宏观生态学和进化。这表明真菌相互作用是一种生态驱动力，将宿主、竞争者和拮抗剂的不同层次的生物和生态组织与环境和生态系统功能相互连接。在这里，我们通过关注真菌与各种生态系统中其他生物群体的相互作用的动态，来回顾这些新出现的证据。我们的结论是，真菌通过其复杂和动态的生态相互作用发挥的中介作用，是它们在地球生态系统中无处不在且至关重要的基础。
