Hines Jacob H
Biology Department, Winona State University, Winona, MN, United States.
Front Neurosci. 2021 Dec 1;15:757360. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.757360. eCollection 2021.
Oligodendrocytes are multifunctional central nervous system (CNS) glia that are essential for neural function in gnathostomes. The evolutionary origins and specializations of the oligodendrocyte cell type are among the many remaining mysteries in glial biology and neuroscience. The role of oligodendrocytes as CNS myelinating glia is well established, but recent studies demonstrate that oligodendrocytes also participate in several myelin-independent aspects of CNS development, function, and maintenance. Furthermore, many recent studies have collectively advanced our understanding of myelin plasticity, and it is now clear that experience-dependent adaptations to myelination are an additional form of neural plasticity. These observations beg the questions of when and for which functions the ancestral oligodendrocyte cell type emerged, when primitive oligodendrocytes evolved new functionalities, and the genetic changes responsible for these evolutionary innovations. Here, I review recent findings and propose working models addressing the origins and evolution of the oligodendrocyte cell type and adaptive myelination. The core gene regulatory network (GRN) specifying the oligodendrocyte cell type is also reviewed as a means to probe the existence of oligodendrocytes in basal vertebrates and chordate invertebrates.
少突胶质细胞是多功能的中枢神经系统（CNS）神经胶质细胞，对有颌类动物的神经功能至关重要。少突胶质细胞类型的进化起源和特化是神经胶质生物学和神经科学中众多未解之谜之一。少突胶质细胞作为中枢神经系统髓鞘形成神经胶质细胞的作用已得到充分证实，但最近的研究表明，少突胶质细胞也参与中枢神经系统发育、功能和维持的几个与髓鞘无关的方面。此外，最近的许多研究共同推进了我们对髓鞘可塑性的理解，现在很清楚，依赖经验的髓鞘形成适应性是神经可塑性的另一种形式。这些观察结果引发了一些问题，即祖先少突胶质细胞类型何时出现以及具有何种功能，原始少突胶质细胞何时进化出新功能，以及导致这些进化创新的基因变化。在这里，我回顾了最近的研究发现，并提出了关于少突胶质细胞类型起源和进化以及适应性髓鞘形成的工作模型。还对指定少突胶质细胞类型的核心基因调控网络（GRN）进行了综述，以此作为探究基础脊椎动物和脊索动物中少突胶质细胞存在情况的一种手段。
