Nireeksha Nireeksha, Gollapalli Pavan, Varma Sudhir Rama, Hegde Mithra N, Kumari N Suchetha
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, NITTE (deemed to be) University, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India.
Central Research Laboratory, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (deemed to be) University, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India.
Eur J Dent. 2022 Jul;16(3):478-487. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1739444. Epub 2021 Dec 22.
Limiting the spread of virus during the recent pandemic outbreak was a major challenge. Viral loads in saliva, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were the major cause for droplet transmission and aerosols. Saliva being the major contributor for the presence of viral load is the major key factor; various mouthwashes and their combination were analyzed and utilized in health care centers to hamper the spread of virus and decrease viral load. The compositions of these mouthwashes to an extent affected the viral load and thereby transmission, but there is always a scope for other protocols which may provide better results. Here we evaluated the potential of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in decreasing the viral load of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) through an work and evidence from other studies. This narrative review highlighted a brief nonsystematic methodology to include the selected articles for discussion. Accessible electronic databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, and PubMed) were used to find studies that reported the salivary viral load of SARS-CoV-2 published between December 2019 and June 2021. The following keywords were utilized for brief searching of the databases: "saliva," "viral load," and "SARS-CoV-2." Articles in English language, cell-line studies, studies, and clinical trials explaining the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva and strategies to decrease viral load were included in this review. The search was complemented by manual searching of the reference lists of included articles and performing a citation search for any additional reviews. The antiviral potential of cationic host defense peptide LL-37 was evaluated using computational approaches providing evidence. The analysis of docking studies and the display of positive interfacial hydrophobicity of LL-37 resulting in disruption of COVID-19 viral membrane elucidate the fact that LL-37 could be effective against all variants of SARS-CoV-2. Further experimental studies would be needed to confirm the binding of the receptor-binding domain with LL-37. The possibility of using it in many forms further to decrease the viral load by disrupting the viral membrane is seen.
在最近的疫情爆发期间，限制病毒传播是一项重大挑战。唾液、鼻咽拭子和口咽拭子中的病毒载量是飞沫传播和气溶胶的主要原因。唾液是病毒载量存在的主要贡献者，是主要关键因素；各种漱口水及其组合在医疗保健中心进行了分析和应用，以阻碍病毒传播并降低病毒载量。这些漱口水的成分在一定程度上影响了病毒载量，进而影响传播，但总是有其他方案可能会提供更好结果的空间。在此，我们通过一项工作以及其他研究的证据，评估了抗菌肽LL-37降低严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）病毒载量的潜力。这篇叙述性综述强调了一种简要的非系统性方法，以纳入选定的文章进行讨论。使用可访问的电子数据库（Medline、Scopus、科学引文索引、SciELO和PubMed）来查找报告2019年12月至2021年6月期间SARS-CoV-2唾液病毒载量的研究。以下关键词用于对数据库进行简要搜索：“唾液”、“病毒载量”和“SARS-CoV-2”。本综述纳入了用英语撰写的文章、细胞系研究、解释唾液中SARS-CoV-2病毒载量的研究以及降低病毒载量的策略的临床试验。通过人工搜索纳入文章的参考文献列表并对任何其他综述进行引文搜索来补充搜索。使用计算方法评估阳离子宿主防御肽LL-37的抗病毒潜力，提供了证据。对接研究分析以及LL-37的正界面疏水性显示导致新冠病毒膜破裂，阐明了LL-37可有效对抗SARS-CoV-2所有变体这一事实。还需要进一步的实验研究来确认受体结合域与LL-37的结合。可以看到以多种形式使用它来通过破坏病毒膜进一步降低病毒载量的可能性。
