Pyroptosis: Mechanisms and Links with Fibrosis.

Fibrosis is responsible for approximately 45% of deaths in the industrialized world and has been a major global healthcare burden. Excessive fibrosis is the primary cause of organ failure. However, there are currently no approved drugs available for the prevention or treatment of fibrosis-related diseases. It has become evident that fibrosis is characterized by inflammation. In a large number of studies of various organs in mice and humans, pyroptosis has been found to play a significant role in fibrosis. Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death mediated by the N-terminal fragment of cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase (caspase)-1-cleaved gasdermin D (GSDMD, producing GSDMD-N) that gives rise to inflammation via the release of some proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-18 and HMGB1. These cytokines can initiate the activation of fibroblasts. Inflammasomes, an important factor upstream of GSDMD, can activate caspase-1 to trigger the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18. Moreover, the inhibition of inflammasomes, proinflammatory cytokines and GSDMD can prevent the progression of fibrosis. This review summarizes the growing evidence indicating that pyroptosis triggers fibrosis, and highlights potential novel targets for antifibrotic therapies.