Autochthonous Probiotics Alleviate the Adverse Effects of Dietary Histamine in Juvenile Grouper ().

High dose (0.3%) of dietary histamine can cause adverse effects on growth performance, innate immunity, and gut health in juvenile grouper (). In the present study, three autochthonous probiotics ( SE5, sp. SE6, and DE5) were supplemented separately to diets containing 0.3% of histamine and their effects on growth performance, innate immunity, and gut health of grouper () were evaluated in a 56-day feeding trial. The results showed considerable increase in weight gain, specific growth rate, hepatosomatic index, and decreased feed conversion rate in groupers fed with probiotic-supplemented diets. Supplementation of autochthonous probiotics has improved antioxidant capacity and innate immunity of by measuring correlative parameters, such as total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde content, and so on. Additionally, dietary probiotics have significantly reduced the levels of serum interleukin-1β (at days 28 and 56), fatty acid-binding protein 2, and intestinal trefoil factor (at day 28), and promoted intestinal integrity following remarkably increased muscle thickness and mucosal fold height at day 56, especially in grouper fed with SE5 containing diet ( < 0.05). On day 56, the gut microbial composition of was positively shaped by autochthonous probiotics, the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic decreased while beneficial increased in fish fed with probiotic strains, especially with SE5 and DE5. These results suggest that among the three autochthonous probiotic strains tested, SE5 is showing better efficiency in alleviating the adverse effects of (high levels) dietary histamine by decreasing the expression of inflammatory markers and by improving the growth, innate immunity, and gut health of juvenile grouper .