Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, P.O. Box 601203, 14412 Potsdam, Germany.
Nutrients. 2021 Dec 17;13(12):4511. doi: 10.3390/nu13124511.
Health outcomes of in utero Ramadan exposure have been reported in a systematic literature review; however, the available literature on long-term effects were not fully covered. Our study aims to specifically review the long-term outcomes of in utero Ramadan exposure. We searched for original research articles analyzing any long-term outcome of in utero Ramadan exposure, excluding maternal and perinatal outcomes. Sixteen studies from 8304 non-duplicate search results were included. Most studies suggest negative consequences from in utero Ramadan exposure on health, as well as on economic outcomes later in adulthood. Higher under-five mortality rate, higher mortality under three months, and under one year, shorter stature, lower body mass index, increased incidence of vision, hearing and learning disabilities, lower mathematics, writing and reading scores, as well as a lower probability to own a home were associated with Ramadan exposure during conception or the first trimester of pregnancy. Furthermore, age and sex seem to play a pivotal role on the association. Existing studies suggest that in utero Ramadan exposure may adversely impact long-term health and economic well-being. However, evidence is limited. Meanwhile, increasing awareness of the potential risks of Ramadan fasting during pregnancy should be raised among pregnant women and clinicians and other antenatal care workers should promote better maternal healthcare.
在系统文献回顾中已经报道了子宫内斋月暴露的健康结果；然而，关于长期影响的现有文献并未完全涵盖。我们的研究旨在专门审查子宫内斋月暴露的长期结果。我们搜索了分析子宫内斋月暴露任何长期结果的原始研究文章，不包括母婴和围产期结果。从 8304 个非重复搜索结果中筛选出 16 项研究。大多数研究表明，子宫内斋月暴露对健康以及成年后经济结果有负面影响。更高的五岁以下儿童死亡率、三个月以下和一岁以下死亡率、更矮的身高、更低的体重指数、更高的视力、听力和学习障碍发生率、更低的数学、写作和阅读成绩，以及拥有住房的可能性较低，都与受孕或怀孕前三个月的斋月暴露有关。此外，年龄和性别似乎对这种关联起着关键作用。现有研究表明，子宫内斋月暴露可能会对长期健康和经济福祉产生不利影响。然而，证据有限。同时，应该在孕妇和临床医生以及其他产前保健工作者中提高对怀孕期间斋戒可能带来的潜在风险的认识，并促进更好的孕产妇保健。
