Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Mar 20;813:152667. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152667. Epub 2021 Dec 25.
The commercially sold cigarettes contain more than 7000 chemicals, and their combustion produces potential toxicants in mainstream smoke (MS), sidestream smoke (SS), secondhand smoke (SHS), thirdhand smoke (THS), and discarded cigarette butts (CBs). We conducted a systematic review of published literature to compare the toxicants produced in each of these phases of tobacco combustion (MS, SS, and CBs). The initial search included 12,301 articles, but after screening and final restrictions considering the aims of this review, 159 published studies were selected for inclusion. Additionally, SHS and THS are briefly discussed here. Overall, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other aromatic hydrocarbons have been represented in more studies than other compounds. However, metals and nitrosamines were detected in higher concentrations than other components in SS. The concentrations of most PAHs and other aromatic hydrocarbons in MS and SS are higher compared to concentrations found in CBs. Also, the concentrations of all the studied carbonyl compounds, aldehydes and ketones in SS and MS were higher than in CBs. The mean levels of alcohols and phenols in SS were higher than those reported for both MS and CBs. Tobacco toxicants are inhaled by smokers and transmitted to the environment through SS, SHS, THS, and discarded CBs. However, further studies are necessary to assess adverse effects of toxicants found in CBs and THS not only on human health, but also on the environment and ecosystems. The results of this review provide updated information on the chemical contents of MS, SS, SHS, THS, and CBs. It adds to the growing understanding that smoking creates major health problems for smokers and passive smokers, but also that it generates environmental hazards with consequences to the ecosystems and human health through discarded CBs, SHS, and THS exposure.
市售香烟含有超过 7000 种化学物质，其燃烧会产生主流烟雾（MS）、侧流烟雾（SS）、二手烟（SHS）、三手烟（THS）和废弃烟头（CB）中的潜在有毒物质。我们对已发表的文献进行了系统综述，以比较烟草燃烧的各个阶段（MS、SS 和 CB）中产生的有毒物质。最初的搜索包括 12301 篇文章，但经过筛选和最终限制，考虑到本次综述的目的，选择了 159 篇已发表的研究进行纳入。此外，本文还简要讨论了 SHS 和 THS。总的来说，多环芳烃（PAHs）和其他芳烃化合物在研究中比其他化合物更为常见。然而，金属和亚硝胺在 SS 中的浓度比其他成分更高。MS 和 SS 中大多数 PAHs 和其他芳烃化合物的浓度高于 CB 中的浓度。此外，SS 和 MS 中所有研究的羰基化合物、醛类和酮类的浓度均高于 CB。SS 中醇类和酚类的平均水平高于 MS 和 CB 报道的水平。吸烟时，烟草有毒物质会被吸烟者吸入，并通过 SS、SHS、THS 和废弃的 CB 传播到环境中。然而，还需要进一步的研究来评估 CB 和 THS 中发现的有毒物质对人类健康以及环境和生态系统的不利影响。本综述的结果提供了有关 MS、SS、SHS、THS 和 CB 中化学物质含量的最新信息。这增加了人们的认识，即吸烟不仅对吸烟者和被动吸烟者造成重大健康问题，而且通过废弃的 CB、SHS 和 THS 暴露，也会对生态系统和人类健康造成环境危害。
