Goodman Morris, Czelusniak John, Beeber Judith E
Department of Anatomy, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI 48201.
department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit MI 48202.
Cladistics. 1985 Mar;1(2):171-185. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00420.x.
Abstract- Genealogical reconstructions carried out by the parsimony method on protein amino acid and DNA nucleotide sequence data are providing fresh evidence on cladistic branching patterns at taxonomic levels from the classes of Vertebrata and orders of Eutheria to the genera of Hominoidea. Minimum length trees constructed from amino acid sequence data group Mammalia with Archosauria (i.e., Aves plus Crocodilia), Amniota with Amphibia, and Tetrapoda with Teleostei. Within Mammalia, Edentata and Paenungulata (e.g., Proboscidea) appear as the most anciently separated from other eutherians. Another superordinal eutherian clade consists of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Perissodactyla. A third consistently contains Primates, Lagomorpha, and Tupaia. The cladistic positions of such orders as Carnivora, Chiroptera, Insectivora, and Rodentia are not well resolved by the currently still sparse body of sequence data. However, recent dramatic progress in the technology of gene cloning and nucleotide sequencing has opened the way for so enlarging the body of sequence data that it should become possible to solve almost any problem concerning the phylogenetic systematice of extant mammals. An example is provided by hominoid genera. Minimum length trees constructed from mitochondrial DNA nucleotide sequence data very strongly group Pan, Homo, and Gorilla into Homininae and then join Homininae and Ponginae (pongo) into Hominidae as the sister family of Hylobatidae (Hylobates). Resolution of the hominine trichotomy into two dichotomous branchings should be forthcoming as kilobase sequencing of nuclear genes progresses.
摘要——通过简约法对蛋白质氨基酸和DNA核苷酸序列数据进行的系统发育重建，正在为从脊椎动物纲、真兽亚纲目到类人猿属等分类水平上的分支模式提供新的证据。根据氨基酸序列数据构建的最小长度树将哺乳纲与主龙形下纲（即鸟类加鳄形目）归为一类，羊膜动物与两栖动物归为一类，四足动物与硬骨鱼纲归为一类。在哺乳纲中，贫齿目和非洲兽总目（如长鼻目）似乎是与其他真兽类分化最古老的类群。另一个超目真兽类分支包括偶蹄目、鲸目和奇蹄目。第三个分支一直包含灵长目、兔形目和树鼩目。食肉目、翼手目、食虫目和啮齿目等目在系统发育中的位置，目前由于序列数据仍然稀少而无法很好地确定。然而，基因克隆和核苷酸测序技术最近取得的巨大进展，为大幅扩充序列数据量开辟了道路，以至于几乎可以解决现存哺乳动物系统发育分类学的任何问题。类人猿属就是一个例子。根据线粒体DNA核苷酸序列数据构建的最小长度树，非常有力地将黑猩猩属、人属和大猩猩属归为人亚科，然后将人亚科和猩猩亚科（猩猩属）归为猩猩科，作为长臂猿科（长臂猿属）的姐妹科。随着核基因千碱基测序的进展，人亚科三分法分解为两个二分法分支的问题应该会得到解决。
