Kunming Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China.
School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2021 Dec 29;28(4):627-632. doi: 10.26444/aaem/140619. Epub 2021 Sep 27.
The study assesses the levels of urinary pyrethroid pesticide (PYR) in women during early pregnancy. The factors associated with exposure are also determined.
A total of 480 pregnant women from non-rural areas visiting hospital for prenatal examination during early pregnancy were enrolled. A self-designed, structured questionnaire was used to collect data on potential factors of PYR exposure. Urinary PYR metabolite levels were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).
The majority of urine samples (98.8%) contained one or more PYR metabolite, although only a few women self-reported pesticide exposure. Urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3PBA) levels were close to those reported in certain developed countries. However, the levels of 3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (DBCA) and 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4F3PBA) were higher than those reported in previous studies. Urinary PYR levels were positively associated with exposure to pesticides, consumption of bananas and oranges, the number of fruit types the women regularly ate, being multiparous, and cooked frequently. They were negatively associated with early pregnancy body mass index (BMI), unemployment, frequent intake of apples, and washing fruits and vegetables with soda or hot water.
Pregnant women in non-rural areas were extensively exposed to low levels of PYRs. Dietary intake may be the primary pathway of exposure. The presented findings highlight the importance of using appropriate methods to reduce pesticide residues in food.
本研究评估了孕早期妇女尿液中拟除虫菊酯类农药（PYR）的水平，并确定了与暴露相关的因素。
共纳入 480 名来自非农村地区的孕妇，这些孕妇在孕早期因产前检查而就诊。采用自行设计的结构化问卷收集可能与 PYR 暴露有关的潜在因素数据。使用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（HPLC-MS/MS）定量尿中 PYR 代谢物水平。
虽然只有少数妇女报告了农药暴露，但大多数尿液样本（98.8%）均含有一种或多种 PYR 代谢物，尿液 3-苯氧苯甲酸（3PBA）水平接近某些发达国家的报道水平。然而，3-（2,2-二溴乙烯基）-2,2-二甲基环丙烷-1-羧酸（DBCA）和 4-氟-3-苯氧苯甲酸（4F3PBA）的水平高于以往研究报道的水平。尿液 PYR 水平与接触农药、食用香蕉和橙子、妇女经常食用的水果种类数量、多胎产次以及经常烹饪呈正相关，与孕早期体重指数（BMI）、失业、经常食用苹果、以及用苏打水或热水清洗水果和蔬菜呈负相关。
非农村地区的孕妇广泛接触低水平的 PYR。饮食摄入可能是主要的暴露途径。本研究结果强调了使用适当方法减少食物中农药残留的重要性。
