Department of Environment and Planning and CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Department of Environment and Planning and CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
J Environ Sci (China). 2022 May;115:215-226. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.06.008. Epub 2021 Aug 3.
Particulate matter emissions (PM) from the combustion, in a residential stove, of two commercial brands of certified (ENplus A1) pellets, a non-certified brand and laboratory made pellets of acacia were tested for their ability to induce ecotoxic, cytotoxic, and mutagenic responses in unicellular organisms and a human cell line. Ecotoxicity was evaluated through the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay. Moreover, cytotoxicity was assessed at two time points (24- and 48-hr) through two complementary techniques in order to evaluate the cellular metabolic activity and membrane integrity of human lung epithelial cells A549. The Ames test using two Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA100 and TA98) was employed to assess the mutagenic potential of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction extracted from the PM samples. Results obtained with the bioluminescent bacteria indicated that only particles from the combustion of acacia pellets were toxic. All samples induced impairment on the A549 cells metabolic activity, while no significant release of lactate dehydrogenase was recorded. PM emissions from acacia pellets were the most cytotoxic, while samples from both certified pellets evoked significant cytotoxicity at lower doses. Cytotoxicity time-dependency was only observed for PM from the combustion of acacia pellets and one of the brands of certified pellets. Mutagenic activity was not detected in both S. typhimurium strains. This study emphasises the role of the raw material for pellet manufacturing on the toxicological profile of PM emissions. Alternative raw materials should be deeply investigated before their use in pelletisation and combustion in residential appliances.
从在住宅炉灶中燃烧两种商业品牌的经认证（ENplus A1）颗粒、一种未经认证的品牌和实验室制造的金合欢颗粒中，测试了颗粒物质排放（PM）对单细胞生物和人类细胞系的生态毒性、细胞毒性和致突变性的诱导能力。生态毒性通过发光菌 Vibrio fischeri 生物发光抑制试验进行评估。此外，通过两种互补技术在两个时间点（24 小时和 48 小时）评估细胞毒性，以评估人肺上皮细胞 A549 的细胞代谢活性和膜完整性。使用两种鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（TA100 和 TA98）的 Ames 试验评估从 PM 样品中提取的多环芳烃部分的致突变潜力。发光细菌的结果表明，只有金合欢颗粒燃烧产生的颗粒是有毒的。所有样品都对 A549 细胞的代谢活性造成损害，而未记录到乳酸脱氢酶的显著释放。金合欢颗粒的 PM 排放具有最强的细胞毒性，而两种认证颗粒中的一种在较低剂量下也会引起明显的细胞毒性。只有金合欢颗粒和一种认证颗粒燃烧产生的 PM 观察到细胞毒性的时间依赖性。在两种鼠伤寒沙门氏菌菌株中均未检测到致突变活性。这项研究强调了颗粒制造原材料对 PM 排放的毒理学特征的作用。在将其用于颗粒化和在住宅设备中燃烧之前，应深入研究替代原材料。
