Sunday Okeke Emmanuel, Bin Huang, Guanghua Mao, Yao Chen, Zhengjia Zeng, Xian Qian, Xiangyang Wu, Weiwei Feng
Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, PR China; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Natural Science Unit, SGS, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria.
Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, PR China.
Environ Res. 2022 Apr 15;206:112594. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112594. Epub 2021 Dec 29.
BFRs (brominated flame retardants) are a class of compounds that are added to or applied to polymeric materials to avoid or reduce the spread of fire. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is one of the known BFR used many in industries today. Due to its wide application as an additive flame retardant in commodities, TBBPA has become a common indoor contaminant. Recent researches have raised concerns about the possible hazardous effect of exposure to TBBPA and its derivatives in humans and wildlife. This review gives a thorough assessment of the literature on TBBPA and its derivatives, as well as environmental levels and human exposure. Several analytical techniques/methods have been developed for sensitive and accurate analysis of TBBPA and its derivatives in different compartments. These chemicals have been detected in practically every environmental compartment globally, making them a ubiquitous pollutant. TBBPA may be subject to adsorption, biological degradation or photolysis, photolysis after being released into the environment. Treatment of TBBPA-containing waste, as well as manufacturing and usage regulations, can limit the release of these chemicals to the environment and the health hazards associated with its exposure. Several methods have been successfully employed for the treatment of TBBPA including but not limited to adsorption, ozonation, oxidation and anaerobic degradation. Previous studies have shown that TBBPA and its derivative cause a lot of toxic effects. Diet and dust ingestion and have been identified as the main routes of TBBPA exposure in the general population, according to human exposure studies. Toddlers are more vulnerable than adults to be exposed to indoor dust through inadvertent ingestion. Furthermore, TBBP-A exposure can occur during pregnancy and through breast milk. This review will go a long way in closing up the knowledge gap on the silent and over ignored deadly effects of TBBPA and its derivatives and their attendant consequences.
溴化阻燃剂（BFRs）是一类添加到或应用于聚合材料中以避免或减少火灾蔓延的化合物。四溴双酚A（TBBPA）是当今工业中广泛使用的已知溴化阻燃剂之一。由于其作为商品中添加型阻燃剂的广泛应用，TBBPA已成为一种常见的室内污染物。最近的研究引发了人们对接触TBBPA及其衍生物对人类和野生动物可能产生的有害影响的担忧。本综述对有关TBBPA及其衍生物、环境水平和人体暴露的文献进行了全面评估。已经开发了几种分析技术/方法，用于灵敏且准确地分析不同环境介质中的TBBPA及其衍生物。实际上，在全球每个环境介质中都检测到了这些化学物质，使其成为一种无处不在的污染物。TBBPA在释放到环境后可能会发生吸附、生物降解或光解。含TBBPA废物的处理以及制造和使用规定，可以限制这些化学物质向环境中的释放以及与其接触相关的健康危害。已经成功采用了几种方法来处理TBBPA，包括但不限于吸附、臭氧化、氧化和厌氧降解。先前的研究表明，TBBPA及其衍生物会造成许多毒性作用。根据人体暴露研究，饮食和灰尘摄入已被确定为普通人群中TBBPA暴露的主要途径。幼儿比成年人更容易通过意外摄入接触室内灰尘。此外，孕期和通过母乳也可能发生TBBP - A暴露。本综述将在很大程度上弥补关于TBBPA及其衍生物潜在的、被长期忽视的致命影响及其相关后果方面的知识空白。
