From the Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children's Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
Divisions of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology and Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, Newyork.
Allergy Asthma Proc. 2022 Jan 1;43(1):20-29. doi: 10.2500/aap.2022.43.210105.
Recent advances in vaccination against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic have brought allergists and dermatologists to the forefront because both immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions have been reported. This literature review focused on delayed reactions to vaccines, including possible causative agents and practical information on how to diagnose, evaluate with patch testing, and manage subsequent dose administration. Currently published reviews and case reports in PubMed, along with data on vaccines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention web site. Relevant case reports and reviews that focused on delayed reactions to vaccines were selected. Most delayed hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines include cutaneous manifestations, which vary from local persistent pruritic nodules to systemic rashes. The onset is usually within a few days but can be delayed by weeks. Multiple excipients have been identified that have been implicated in delayed vaccine reactions, including thimerosal, formaldehyde, aluminum, antibiotics, and gelatin. Treatment with antihistamines, topical corticosteroids, or systemic corticosteroids alleviates symptoms in most patients. Such reactions are generally not contraindications to future vaccination. However, for more-severe reactions, patch testing for causative agents can be used to aid in diagnosis and approach further vaccination. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines are not uncommon. If needed, patch testing can be used to confirm agents, including antibiotics, formaldehyde, thimerosal, and aluminum. In most cases, delayed cutaneous reactions are not contraindications to further vaccine administration.
最近在针对严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 大流行的疫苗接种方面取得了进展,这使得过敏症专家和皮肤科医生成为关注焦点,因为已经报道了即刻和迟发性超敏反应。这篇文献综述重点关注疫苗的迟发反应,包括可能的致病因素,以及如何诊断、斑贴试验评估和管理后续剂量给药的实用信息。在 PubMed 中搜索了目前发表的综述和病例报告,以及疾病预防控制中心网站上的疫苗数据。选择了重点关注疫苗迟发反应的相关病例报告和综述。大多数疫苗迟发性超敏反应包括皮肤表现,从局部持续瘙痒性结节到全身性皮疹不等。发病通常在几天内,但也可延迟数周。已经确定了多种赋形剂与迟发性疫苗反应有关,包括硫柳汞、甲醛、铝、抗生素和明胶。大多数患者的症状用抗组胺药、局部皮质类固醇或全身皮质类固醇治疗可缓解。此类反应通常不是未来接种疫苗的禁忌症。然而,对于更严重的反应,斑贴试验可以用于确定致病因素,以协助诊断和进一步接种疫苗。疫苗迟发型超敏反应并不少见。如果需要,斑贴试验可用于确认包括抗生素、甲醛、硫柳汞和铝在内的致病因素。在大多数情况下,迟发性皮肤反应不是进一步接种疫苗的禁忌症。