Pancreatic stromal Gremlin 1 expression during pancreatic tumorigenesis.

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a major risk factor of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). How CP promotes pancreatic oncogenesis remains unclear. A characteristic feature of PDAC is its prominent desmoplasia in the tumor microenvironment, composed of activated fibroblasts and macrophages. Macrophages can be characterized as M1 or M2, with tumor-inhibiting or -promoting functions, respectively. We reported that Gremlin 1 (GREM1), a key pro-fibrogenic factor, is upregulated in the stroma of CP. The current study aimed to investigate the expression of GREM1 and correlation between GREM1 and macrophages within the pancreas during chronic inflammation and the development of PDAC. By mRNA hybridization, we detected GREM1 mRNA expression within α-smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive fibroblasts of the pancreatic stroma. These designated Fibroblasts marginally increased from CP to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and PDAC. Within PDAC, Fibroblasts increased with higher pathological tumor stages and in a majority of PDAC subtypes screened. Additionally, Fibroblasts positively correlated with total macrophages (Mac) and M2 macrophages (M2) in PDAC. To begin exploring potential molecular links between Fibroblasts and macrophages in PDAC, we examined the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an endogenous counteracting molecule of GREM1 and an M1 macrophage promoting factor. By IHC staining of MIF, we found MIF to be expressed by tumor cells, positively correlated with GREM1; by IHC co-staining, we found MIF to be negatively correlated with M2 expression. Our findings suggest that GREM1 expression by activated fibroblasts may promote PDAC development, and GREM1/MIF may play an important role in macrophage phenotype.