Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Dec 21;23(1):44. doi: 10.3390/ijms23010044.
Calciotropic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin are involved in the regulation of bone mineral metabolism and maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the body. Therefore, an understanding of environmental and genetic factors influencing PTH and calcitonin levels is crucial. Genetic factors are estimated to account for 60% of variations in PTH levels, while the genetic background of interindividual calcitonin variations has not yet been studied. In this review, we analyzed the literature discussing the influence of environmental factors (lifestyle factors and pollutants) on PTH and calcitonin levels. Among lifestyle factors, smoking, body mass index (BMI), diet, alcohol, and exercise were analyzed; among pollutants, heavy metals and chemicals were analyzed. Lifestyle factors that showed the clearest association with PTH levels were smoking, BMI, exercise, and micronutrients taken from the diet (vitamin D and calcium). Smoking, vitamin D, and calcium intake led to a decrease in PTH levels, while higher BMI and exercise led to an increase in PTH levels. In terms of pollutants, exposure to cadmium led to a decrease in PTH levels, while exposure to lead increased PTH levels. Several studies have investigated the effect of chemicals on PTH levels in humans. Compared to PTH studies, a smaller number of studies analyzed the influence of environmental factors on calcitonin levels, which gives great variability in results. Only a few studies have analyzed the influence of pollutants on calcitonin levels in humans. The lifestyle factor with the clearest relationship with calcitonin was smoking (smokers had increased calcitonin levels). Given the importance of PTH and calcitonin in maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis and bone mineral metabolism, additional studies on the influence of environmental factors that could affect PTH and calcitonin levels are crucial.
钙调节激素，甲状旁腺激素（PTH）和降钙素，参与调节骨矿物质代谢和维持体内钙和磷的平衡。因此，了解影响 PTH 和降钙素水平的环境和遗传因素至关重要。遗传因素估计占 PTH 水平变化的 60%，而个体间降钙素变化的遗传背景尚未得到研究。在这篇综述中，我们分析了讨论环境因素（生活方式因素和污染物）对 PTH 和降钙素水平影响的文献。在生活方式因素中，分析了吸烟、体重指数（BMI）、饮食、酒精和运动；在污染物中，分析了重金属和化学物质。与 PTH 水平关联最明显的生活方式因素是吸烟、BMI、运动和饮食中摄取的微量营养素（维生素 D 和钙）。吸烟、维生素 D 和钙的摄入导致 PTH 水平降低，而较高的 BMI 和运动导致 PTH 水平升高。就污染物而言，接触镉导致 PTH 水平降低，而接触铅则增加 PTH 水平。一些研究调查了化学物质对人类 PTH 水平的影响。与 PTH 研究相比，对环境因素对降钙素水平影响的研究较少，这导致结果差异较大。只有少数研究分析了污染物对人类降钙素水平的影响。与降钙素关系最密切的生活方式因素是吸烟（吸烟者的降钙素水平升高）。鉴于 PTH 和降钙素在维持钙和磷平衡以及骨矿物质代谢中的重要性，需要进行更多研究以了解可能影响 PTH 和降钙素水平的环境因素。
