ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2021 Mar 15;4(3):2307-2334. doi: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00020. Epub 2021 Feb 22.
Cancer cannot be controlled by the usage of drugs alone, and thus, nanotechnology is an important technique that can provide the drug with an impetus to act more effectively. There is adequate availability of anticancer drugs that are classified as alkylating agents, hormones, or antimetabolites. Nanoparticle (NP) carriers increase the residence time of the drug, thereby enhancing the survival rate of the drug, which otherwise gets washed off owing to the small size of the drug particles by the excretory system. For example, for enhancing the circulation, a coating of nonfouling polymers like PEG and dextran is done. Famous drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX) are commonly encapsulated inside the nanocomposite. The various classes of nanoparticles are used to enhance drug delivery by aiding it to fight against the tumor. Targeted therapy aims to attack the cells with features common to the cancer cells while minimizing damage to the normal cell, and these therapies work in one in four ways. Some block the cancer cells from reproducing newer cells, others release toxic substances to kill the cancer cells, some stimulate the immune system to destroy the cancer cells, and some block the growth of more blood vessels around cancer cells, which starve the cells of the nutrients, which is needed for their growth. This review aims to testify the advancements nanotechnology has brought in cancer therapy, and its statements are supported with recent research findings and clinical trial results.
癌症不能仅通过药物治疗来控制，因此，纳米技术是一种重要的技术，可以为药物提供更有效的作用动力。有足够数量的抗癌药物被分类为烷化剂、激素或抗代谢物。纳米粒子 (NP) 载体增加了药物的停留时间，从而提高了药物的存活率，否则由于药物颗粒的体积小，药物会被排泄系统冲走。例如，为了增加循环，通常会对非粘性聚合物如 PEG 和葡聚糖进行涂层。阿霉素 (DOX) 等著名药物通常被封装在纳米复合材料中。各种类型的纳米粒子被用于通过帮助其对抗肿瘤来增强药物输送。靶向治疗旨在攻击与癌细胞具有共同特征的细胞，同时最大限度地减少对正常细胞的损伤，这些治疗方法有以下四种作用方式。一些方法阻止癌细胞产生新的细胞，另一些方法释放有毒物质来杀死癌细胞，一些方法刺激免疫系统来摧毁癌细胞，还有一些方法阻止癌细胞周围更多血管的生长，从而使癌细胞缺乏生长所需的营养物质。本综述旨在证明纳米技术在癌症治疗方面带来的进步，并通过最近的研究发现和临床试验结果支持其观点。
