Ruia Surabhi, Tripathy Koushik
Susrut Eye Foundation and Research centre
ASG Eye Hospital, BT Road, Kolkata, India
Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and its clinical role in ophthalmology were discovered by two medical students, Herald Novotny and David Alvis. Flocks and colleagues had earlier experimented with intravenous injection of fluorescein in cats to study retinal circulation. However, when the same was attempted in humans, insufficient lighting of the fundus camera and the absence of a barrier filter prevented them from getting serial images of the fundus to measure the circulation time. With time, fundus camera technology improved. Novotny and Alvis used the new fundus camera and two different filters, blue and green, to image the fluorescence of the dye. They successfully got the first fluorescein angiogram images, which were reported in their published paper in 1961. FFA allows the assessment of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the retinal and choroidal vasculature. Sodium fluorescein is an orange water-soluble dye. It has a low molecular weight of 376.3 Da. It remains primarily bound to proteins (80%) in the blood. The retinal vascular endothelium and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) act as barriers and do not allow the diffusion of the dye. However, the choriocapillaris allows it to diffuse freely. It is excreted in the urine over 24 to 36 hours and is responsible for the discoloration of urine. It absorbs light in the range of 465 to 490 nm (blue light) and emits light in the range of 520 to 530 nm (green light). FFA is a diagnostic procedure where a series of photographs of both eyes are taken after injecting sodium fluorescein intravenously. Interpretation and understanding of FFA help in the accurate diagnosis and evaluation of various pathologies. This review also discusses the complications and the role of the interprofessional approach in managing patients undergoing FFA.
眼底荧光血管造影（FFA）及其在眼科的临床作用是由两名医科学生赫罗尔德·诺沃特尼（Herald Novotny）和大卫·阿尔维斯（David Alvis）发现的。弗洛克斯（Flocks）及其同事早些时候曾在猫身上进行静脉注射荧光素的实验，以研究视网膜循环。然而，当在人体上尝试同样的操作时，眼底照相机的照明不足以及缺乏屏障滤光片，使得他们无法获得眼底的系列图像来测量循环时间。随着时间的推移，眼底照相机技术得到了改进。诺沃特尼和阿尔维斯使用新的眼底照相机以及两种不同的滤光片，蓝色和绿色，来拍摄染料的荧光图像。他们成功获得了第一张荧光血管造影图像，并于1961年在他们发表的论文中进行了报道。FFA可用于评估视网膜和脉络膜血管系统的解剖结构、生理功能和病理状况。荧光素钠是一种橙色水溶性染料。它的分子量较低，为376.3道尔顿。它在血液中主要与蛋白质结合（80%）。视网膜血管内皮和视网膜色素上皮（RPE）起到屏障作用，不允许染料扩散。然而，脉络膜毛细血管允许其自由扩散。它在24至36小时内通过尿液排出，导致尿液变色。它吸收465至490纳米范围内的光（蓝光），并发射520至530纳米范围内的光（绿光）。FFA是一种诊断程序，在静脉注射荧光素钠后，对双眼拍摄一系列照片。对FFA的解读和理解有助于准确诊断和评估各种病理状况。本综述还讨论了并发症以及跨专业方法在管理接受FFA检查的患者中的作用。
