Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2022 Aug;71(8):1813-1822. doi: 10.1007/s00262-021-03131-y. Epub 2022 Jan 12.
Pediatric glioblastoma is relatively rare compared with its adult counterpart but is associated with a similarly grim prognosis. Available data indicate that pediatric glioblastomas are molecularly distinct from adult tumors, and relatively little is known about the pediatric glioblastoma tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a new pillar of cancer treatment and is revolutionizing the care of patients with many advanced solid tumors, including melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. Unfortunately, attempts to treat adult glioblastoma with current immunotherapies have had limited success to date. Nevertheless, the immune milieu in pediatric glioblastoma is distinct from that found in adult tumors, and evidence suggests that pediatric tumors are less immunosuppressive. As a result, immunotherapies should be specifically evaluated in the pediatric context. The purpose of this review is to explore known and emerging mechanisms of immune evasion in pediatric glioblastoma and highlight potential opportunities for implementing immunotherapy in the treatment of these devastating pediatric brain tumors.
与成人脑胶质母细胞瘤相比，小儿脑胶质母细胞瘤相对较少见，但预后同样较差。现有数据表明，小儿脑胶质母细胞瘤在分子水平上有别于成人肿瘤，而对于小儿脑胶质母细胞瘤肿瘤微环境（TME）的了解相对较少。癌症免疫疗法已成为癌症治疗的新支柱，正在彻底改变许多晚期实体瘤患者的治疗方法，包括黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌、头颈部癌和肾细胞癌。不幸的是，目前使用免疫疗法治疗成人脑胶质母细胞瘤的尝试迄今收效有限。然而，小儿脑胶质母细胞瘤中的免疫环境与成人肿瘤中的免疫环境不同，并且有证据表明小儿肿瘤的免疫抑制作用较弱。因此，应在儿科背景下专门评估免疫疗法。本文综述的目的是探讨小儿脑胶质母细胞瘤中已知和新兴的免疫逃逸机制，并强调在治疗这些毁灭性小儿脑肿瘤中实施免疫疗法的潜在机会。
