Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2022 Jan 12;41(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s13046-021-02234-9.
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma of germinal center (GC) origin with a distinctive tumor microenvironment (TME) and a unique spectrum of mutations. Despite the important therapeutic advances, FL is still incurable. During B-cell development, the GC reaction is a complex multistep process in which epigenetic regulators dynamically induce or suppress transcriptional programs. In FL, epigenetic gene mutations perturb the regulation of these programs, changing GC B-cell function and skewing differentiation towards tumor cells and altering the microenvironment interactions. FL pathogenesis and malignant transformation are promoted by epigenetic reprogramming of GC B cells that alters the immunological synapse and niche. Despite the extensive characterization of FL epigenetic signature and TME, the functional consequences of epigenetic dysregulation on TME and niche plasticity need to be better characterized. In this review, first we describe the most frequent epigenomic alterations in FL (KMT2D, CREBBP and EZH2) that affect the immunological niche, and their potential consequences on the informational transfer between tumor B cells and their microenvironment. Then, we discuss the latest progress to harness epigenetic targets for inhibiting the FL microenvironment. Finally, we highlight unexplored research areas and outstanding questions that should be considered for a successful long-term treatment of FL.
滤泡性淋巴瘤(FL)是生发中心(GC)起源的 B 细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤,具有独特的肿瘤微环境(TME)和独特的突变谱。尽管有重要的治疗进展,但 FL 仍然无法治愈。在 B 细胞发育过程中,GC 反应是一个复杂的多步骤过程,其中表观遗传调节剂动态诱导或抑制转录程序。在 FL 中,表观遗传基因突变会破坏这些程序的调节,改变 GC B 细胞的功能,并向肿瘤细胞分化倾斜,改变微环境相互作用。FL 的发病机制和恶性转化是由 GC B 细胞的表观遗传重编程促进的,这种重编程改变了免疫突触和龛位。尽管对 FL 的表观基因组学特征和 TME 进行了广泛的描述,但需要更好地描述表观遗传失调对 TME 和龛位可塑性的功能后果。在这篇综述中,我们首先描述了 FL 中最常见的表观遗传改变(KMT2D、CREBBP 和 EZH2),这些改变影响免疫龛位,及其对肿瘤 B 细胞与其微环境之间信息传递的潜在影响。然后,我们讨论了利用表观遗传靶点抑制 FL 微环境的最新进展。最后,我们强调了一些未被探索的研究领域和悬而未决的问题,这些问题应该在 FL 的成功长期治疗中得到考虑。
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