Subramani Neelakandan, Mohan Prakash, Alotaibi Youseef, Alghamdi Saleh, Khalaf Osamah Ibrahim
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, R.M.K Engineering College, Chennai 601206, India.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Karpagam College of Engineering, Coimbatore 641032, India.
Sensors (Basel). 2022 Jan 6;22(2):415. doi: 10.3390/s22020415.
In recent years, the underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) has received a significant interest among research communities for several applications, such as disaster management, water quality prediction, environmental observance, underwater navigation, etc. The UWSN comprises a massive number of sensors placed in rivers and oceans for observing the underwater environment. However, the underwater sensors are restricted to energy and it is tedious to recharge/replace batteries, resulting in energy efficiency being a major challenge. Clustering and multi-hop routing protocols are considered energy-efficient solutions for UWSN. However, the cluster-based routing protocols for traditional wireless networks could not be feasible for UWSN owing to the underwater current, low bandwidth, high water pressure, propagation delay, and error probability. To resolve these issues and achieve energy efficiency in UWSN, this study focuses on designing the metaheuristics-based clustering with a routing protocol for UWSN, named MCR-UWSN. The goal of the MCR-UWSN technique is to elect an efficient set of cluster heads (CHs) and route to destination. The MCR-UWSN technique involves the designing of cultural emperor penguin optimizer-based clustering (CEPOC) techniques to construct clusters. Besides, the multi-hop routing technique, alongside the grasshopper optimization (MHR-GOA) technique, is derived using multiple input parameters. The performance of the MCR-UWSN technique was validated, and the results are inspected in terms of different measures. The experimental results highlighted an enhanced performance of the MCR-UWSN technique over the recent state-of-art techniques.
近年来，水下无线传感器网络（UWSN）因其在灾害管理、水质预测、环境监测、水下导航等多种应用中的作用，受到了研究界的广泛关注。UWSN由大量放置在河流和海洋中的传感器组成，用于观测水下环境。然而，水下传感器的能量有限，且电池充电/更换繁琐，这使得能量效率成为一个重大挑战。聚类和多跳路由协议被认为是UWSN的节能解决方案。然而，由于水下水流、低带宽、高水压、传播延迟和错误概率，传统无线网络的基于簇的路由协议对UWSN不可行。为了解决这些问题并实现UWSN的能量效率，本研究专注于设计一种基于元启发式算法的UWSN聚类与路由协议，称为MCR-UWSN。MCR-UWSN技术的目标是选出一组高效的簇头（CH）并路由到目的地。MCR-UWSN技术包括设计基于文化帝企鹅优化器的聚类（CEPOC）技术来构建簇。此外，多跳路由技术与蚱蜢优化（MHR-GOA）技术一起，是使用多个输入参数推导出来的。对MCR-UWSN技术的性能进行了验证，并根据不同指标对结果进行了检验。实验结果突出了MCR-UWSN技术相对于最新技术的性能提升。
