Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KPK, Pakistan.
Department of Computer Science, Iqra National University, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan.
PLoS One. 2019 Jul 17;14(7):e0219459. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219459. eCollection 2019.
Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) are ad-hoc networks which are deployed at rivers, seas and oceans to explore and monitor the phenomena such as pollution control, seismic activities and petroleum mining etc. The sensor nodes of UWSNs have limited charging capabilities. UWSNs networks are generally operated under two deployment mechanisms i.e localization and non-localization based. However, in both the mechanisms, balanced energy utilization is a challenging issue. Inefficient usage of energy significantly affects stability period, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, path loss and throughput of a network. To efficiently utilize and harvest energy, this paper present a novel scheme called EH-ARCUN (Energy Harvesting Analytical approach towards Reliability with Cooperation for UWSNs) based on cooperation with energy harvesting. The scheme employs Amplify-and-Forward (AF) technique at relay nodes for data forwarding and Fixed Combining Ratio (FCR) technique at destination node to select accurate signal. The proposed technique selects relay nodes among its neighbor nodes based on harvested energy level. Most cooperation-based UWSN routing techniques do not exhibit energy harvesting mechanism at the relay nodes. EH-ARCUN deploys piezoelectric energy harvesting at relay nodes to improve the working capabilities of sensors in UWSNs. The proposed scheme is an extension of our previously implemented routing scheme called ARCUN for UWSNs. Performance of the proposed scheme is compared with ARCUN and RACE (Reliability and Adaptive Cooperation for efficient Underwater sensor Networks) schemes in term of stability period, packet delivery ratio, network throughput and path loss. Extensive simulation results show that EH-ARCUN performs better than both previous schemes in terms of the considered parameters.
水下传感器网络 (UWSN) 是一种自组织网络，部署在河流、海洋和海洋中，用于探索和监测污染控制、地震活动和石油开采等现象。UWSN 的传感器节点充电能力有限。UWSN 网络通常在基于定位和非定位的两种部署机制下运行。然而，在这两种机制中，平衡能量利用都是一个具有挑战性的问题。能量利用效率低下会显著影响网络的稳定性周期、分组投递率、端到端延迟、路径损耗和吞吐量。为了有效地利用和收集能量，本文提出了一种名为 EH-ARCUN（基于合作的能量收集的可靠性分析方法）的新方案，该方案基于合作和能量收集。该方案在中继节点使用放大转发 (AF) 技术进行数据转发，并在目的节点使用固定合并比 (FCR) 技术选择准确的信号。所提出的技术根据其邻居节点的收集能量水平选择中继节点。大多数基于合作的 UWSN 路由技术在中继节点不展示能量收集机制。EH-ARCUN 在中继节点部署压电能量收集，以提高 UWSN 中传感器的工作能力。该方案是我们之前为 UWSN 实施的路由方案 ARCUN 的扩展。在所提出的方案中，稳定性周期、分组投递率、网络吞吐量和路径损耗等方面的性能与 ARCUN 和 RACE（可靠和自适应合作的高效水下传感器网络）方案进行了比较。大量仿真结果表明，在所考虑的参数方面，EH-ARCUN 比前两种方案表现更好。
