African or Asiatic origin? Genome analyses solved the mystery of the hybrid origin of the rescued lion cub.

Species assignment of any seized material using DNA analysis has been a routine and widely accepted standard procedure in providing scientific advisory for the legal prosecution of wildlife cases. Scientific advancements and rigorous application of genetic tools have led to the development of a variety of molecular markers with their defined efficacy in wildlife forensics. However, in a few unusual cases where a hybrid needs to be identified or assignment need to be made at sub-species level, mitochondrial markers often fail or else provide biased results, which can affect the overall judgment in the court of law. Here, we report one such challenging case of lion cub rescued by the law enforcement from illegal trafficking. Phylogenetic assessment based on complete mitogenome assigned rescued lion cub with African lion (Panthera leo leo). However, the TSPY gene of the Y chromosome established that the lion cub shared its paternal lineage from Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica). With the use of maternally and paternally inherited markers, we conclude a hybrid origin of the rescued lion cub which shared ancestry from both Asiatic as well as African lion. The present study exhibits the application of genome sequencing in thinking beyond routine identification and contributes to the operating procedures of wildlife forensics.