The Unmet Need for Orthopaedic Services Among American Indian and Alaska Native Communities in the United States.

Historic and present-day marginalization has resulted in a high burden of disease and worse health outcomes for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities in the United States. Musculoskeletal disease is the leading cause of disability for the general population in the U.S. today. However, few have examined musculoskeletal disease burden and access to orthopaedic surgical care in the AI/AN communities. A high prevalence of hip dysplasia, arthritis, back pain, and diabetes, and a high incidence of trauma and road traffic-related mortality, suggest a disproportionately high burden of musculoskeletal pathology among the AI/AN communities and a substantial need for orthopaedic surgical services. Unfortunately, AI/AN patients face many barriers to receiving specialty care, including long travel distances and limited transportation to health facilities, inadequate staff and resources at Indian Health Service (IHS)-funded facilities, insufficient funding for referral to specialists outside of the IHS network, and sociocultural barriers that complicate health-system navigation and erode trust between patients and providers. For those who manage to access orthopaedic surgery, AI/AN patients face worse outcomes and more complications than White patients. There is an urgent need for orthopaedic surgeons to participate in improving the availability of quality orthopaedic services for AI/AN patients through training and support of local providers, volunteerism, advocating for a greater investment in the IHS Purchased/Referred Care program, expanding telemedicine capabilities, and supporting community-based participatory research activities.