Akbari Mohamad Reza, Khorrami-Nejad Masoud, Kangari Haleh, Akbarzadeh Baghban Alireza, Ranjbar Pazouki Mehdi
Translational Ophthalmology Research center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
J Curr Ophthalmol. 2022 Jan 6;33(4):379-387. doi: 10.4103/joco.joco_114_20. eCollection 2021 Oct-Dec.
To provide a comprehensive review on different characteristics of abnormal head postures (AHPs) due to different ocular causes, its measurement, and its effect on facial appearance.
In this review article, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engines were searched for the scientific articles and books published between 1975 and September 2020 based on the keywords of this article. The selected articles were collected, summarized, classified, evaluated, and finally concluded.
AHP can be caused by various ocular or nonocular diseases. The prevalence of ocular causes of AHP was reported to be 18%-25%. 1.1% of patients presenting to ophthalmology clinics has AHP. The first step in evaluating a patient with AHP is a correct differential diagnosis between nonocular and ocular sources by performing comprehensive eye examinations and ruling out other causes of orthopedic and neurological AHP. Ocular AHP occurs for a variety of reasons, the most important of which include nystagmus, superior oblique palsy, and Duane's retraction syndrome. AHP may be an essential clinical sign for an underlying disease, which can only be appropriately treated by the accurate determination of the cause. Long-standing AHP may lead to facial asymmetry and secondary muscular and skeletal changes.
In conclusion, a proper differential diagnosis between nonocular and ocular causes, knowledge of the different forms of AHP and their measurement methods, accurate diagnosis of the cause, and proper and timely treatment of ocular AHP can prevent facial asymmetry and secondary muscular and skeletal changes in the patients.
全面综述因不同眼部病因导致的异常头位（AHP）的不同特征、其测量方法及其对面部外观的影响。
在这篇综述文章中，基于本文关键词，在PubMed、Scopus和谷歌学术搜索引擎中检索1975年至2020年9月期间发表的科学文章和书籍。收集、总结、分类、评估所选文章，最后得出结论。
AHP可由各种眼部或非眼部疾病引起。据报道，AHP的眼部病因患病率为18%-25%。眼科门诊患者中有1.1%存在AHP。评估AHP患者的第一步是通过全面的眼部检查进行非眼部和眼部病因之间的正确鉴别诊断，并排除骨科和神经科AHP的其他病因。眼部AHP的发生有多种原因，其中最重要的包括眼球震颤、上斜肌麻痹和杜安退缩综合征。AHP可能是潜在疾病的重要临床体征，只有准确确定病因才能进行适当治疗。长期的AHP可能导致面部不对称以及继发性肌肉和骨骼变化。
总之，非眼部和眼部病因之间的正确鉴别诊断、对AHP不同形式及其测量方法的了解、病因的准确诊断以及眼部AHP的适当及时治疗，可以防止患者出现面部不对称以及继发性肌肉和骨骼变化。
