Applied Biomechanics and Sport Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, C/ Fco Tomas y Valiente 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
Neuromuscular Physiology and Neural Interfacing Group, Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2022 May;122(5):1111-1128. doi: 10.1007/s00421-022-04906-6. Epub 2022 Feb 9.
Resistance training is frequently performed with the goal of stimulating muscle hypertrophy. Due to the key roles motor unit recruitment and mechanical tension play to induce muscle growth, when programming, the manipulation of the training variables is oriented to provoke the correct stimulus. Although it is known that the nervous system is responsible for the control of motor units and active muscle force, muscle hypertrophy researchers and trainers tend to only focus on the adaptations of the musculotendinous unit and not in the nervous system behaviour. To better guide resistance exercise prescription for muscle hypertrophy and aiming to delve into the mechanisms that maximize this goal, this review provides evidence-based considerations for possible effects of neural behaviour on muscle growth when programming resistance training, and future neurophysiological measurement that should be tested when training to increase muscle mass. Combined information from the neural and muscular structures will allow to understand the exact adaptations of the muscle in response to a given input (neural drive to the muscle). Changes at different levels of the nervous system will affect the control of motor units and mechanical forces during resistance training, thus impacting the potential hypertrophic adaptations. Additionally, this article addresses how neural adaptations and fatigue accumulation that occur when resistance training may influence the hypertrophic response and propose neurophysiological assessments that may improve our understanding of resistance training variables that impact on muscular adaptations.
抗阻训练通常以刺激肌肉肥大为目标。由于运动单位募集和机械张力在诱导肌肉生长中起着关键作用，因此在编程时，训练变量的操纵方向是引发正确的刺激。尽管众所周知，神经系统负责控制运动单位和主动肌肉力量，但肌肉肥大研究人员和教练往往只关注肌肉肌腱单位的适应，而不关注神经系统的行为。为了更好地指导抗阻运动处方以促进肌肉肥大，并深入研究最大限度实现这一目标的机制，本综述提供了基于证据的考虑因素，探讨了在编程抗阻训练时神经行为对肌肉生长的可能影响，以及未来在增加肌肉质量时应测试的神经生理学测量。来自神经和肌肉结构的综合信息将有助于了解肌肉对特定输入（肌肉的神经驱动）的精确适应。神经系统不同水平的变化将影响抗阻训练过程中运动单位和机械力的控制，从而影响潜在的肥大适应。此外，本文还探讨了抗阻训练时发生的神经适应和疲劳积累如何影响肥大反应，并提出了神经生理学评估，这可能有助于我们更好地理解影响肌肉适应的抗阻训练变量。
