曼氏血属吸虫（Echinostoma malayanum）的线粒体基因组系统发育分析证实其为 1915 年建立的 Artyfechinostomum 属的成员，并阐明了棘口科系统发育的复杂性。
Mitophylogenomics of the zoonotic fluke Echinostoma malayanum confirms it as a member of the genus Artyfechinostomum Lane, 1915 and illustrates the complexity of Echinostomatidae systematics.
机构信息
Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Hanoi, Vietnam.
出版信息
Parasitol Res. 2022 Mar;121(3):899-913. doi: 10.1007/s00436-022-07449-z. Epub 2022 Feb 10.
The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome or mtDNA) of the trematode Echinostoma malayanum Leiper, 1911 was fully determined and annotated. The circular mtDNA molecule comprised 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs) (cox1 - 3, cob, nad1 - 6, nad4L, atp6), two mitoribosomal RNAs (MRGs) (16S or rrnL and 12S or rrnS), and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs or trn), and a non-coding region (NCR) rich in long and short tandem repeats (5.5 LRUs/336 bp/each and 7.5 SRUs/207 bp/each). The atp8 gene is absent and the 3' end of nad4L overlaps the 5' end of nad4 by 40 bp. Special DHU-arm missing tRNAs for Serine were found for both tRNA and tRNA. Codons of TTT (for phenylalanine), TTG (for leucine), and GTT (for valine) were the most, and CGC (for Arginine) was the least frequently used. A similar usage pattern was seen in base composition, AT and GC skewness for PCGs, MRGs, and mtDNA* (coding cox3 to nad5) in E. malayanum and Echinostomatidae. The nucleotide use is characterized by (T > G > A > C) for PCGs/mtDNA*, and by (T > G ≈ A > C) for MRGs. E. malayanum exhibited the lowest genetic distance (0.53%) to Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex, relatively high to the Echinostoma congeners (13.20-13.99%), higher to Hypoderaeum conoideum (16.18%), and the highest to interfamilial Echinochasmidae (26.62%); Cyclocoelidae (30.24%); and Himasthlidae (25.36%). Topology indicated the monophyletic position between E. malayanum/A. sufrartyfex and the group of Echinostoma caproni, Echinostoma paraensei, Echinostoma miyagawai, and Echinostoma revolutum, rendering Hypoderaeum conoideum and unidentified Echinostoma species paraphyletic. The strictly closed genomic/taxonomic/phylogenetic features (including base composition, skewness, codon usage/bias, genetic distance, and topo-position) reinforced Echinostoma malayanum to retake its generic validity within the Artyfechinostomum genus.
曼氏无腔吸虫（Echinostoma malayanum Leiper，1911）的完整线粒体基因组（线粒体基因组或 mtDNA）已被完全确定并注释。圆形 mtDNA 分子包含 12 个蛋白质编码基因（PCG）（cox1-3、cob、nad1-6、nad4L、atp6）、两个线粒体核糖体 RNA（MRG）（16S 或 rrnL 和 12S 或 rrnS）和 22 个转移 RNA（tRNA 或 trn），以及富含长和短串联重复序列的非编码区（NCR）（5.5LRUs/336bp/个和 7.5SRUs/207bp/个）。没有 atp8 基因，nad4L 的 3' 端与 nad4 的 5' 端重叠 40bp。在 tRNA 和 tRNA 中都发现了缺失丝氨酸的特殊 DHU-臂 tRNA。TTT（苯丙氨酸）、TTG（亮氨酸）和 GTT（缬氨酸）的密码子使用最多，CGC（精氨酸）使用最少。在碱基组成、PCG、MRG 和 mtDNA*（编码 cox3 至 nad5）的 AT 和 GC 倾斜方面，曼氏无腔吸虫和 Echinostomatidae 中存在类似的使用模式。核苷酸使用的特点是 PCG/mtDNA*（T>T>G>A>C），而 MRG（T>G≈A>C）。曼氏无腔吸虫与 Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex 的遗传距离最低（0.53%），与 Echinostoma 同属（13.20-13.99%）相对较高，与 Hypoderaeum conoideum（16.18%）较高，与 interfamilial Echinochasmidae（26.62%）最高；Cyclocoelidae（30.24%）；和 Himasthlidae（25.36%）。拓扑结构表明曼氏无腔吸虫/A. sufrartyfex 与 Echinostoma caproni、Echinostoma paraensei、Echinostoma miyagawai 和 Echinostoma revolutum 组的单系位置，导致 Hypoderaeum conoideum 和未识别的 Echinostoma 种为并系。严格封闭的基因组/分类/系统发育特征（包括碱基组成、倾斜度、密码子使用/偏向性、遗传距离和拓扑位置）强化了曼氏无腔吸虫在 Artyfechinostomum 属中恢复其通用有效性。
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