Reposition of the anti-inflammatory drug diacerein in an colorectal cancer model.

Excessive interleukin (IL)-6 production is a driver for malignancy and drug resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC). Our study investigated a seven-week post-treatment with the anti-inflammatory drug, Diacerein (Diac), alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), using a 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) rat model of CRC. Diac alone and 5-FU+Diac reduced serum levels of carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), while all regimens decreased serum levels of colon cancer-specific antigen (CCSA), a more specific CRC biomarker. Additionally, Diac, 5-FU and their combination suppressed colonic content/gene expression of IL-6, its downstream oncogene, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (K-Ras), and consequently Notch intracellular domain and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65. In turn, NF-κB downstream factors, , matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), c-Myc, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) were also downregulated, while E-cadherin was elevated. Additionally, the drugs reduced the immunoreactivity of CD31 to prove their anti-angiogenic effect, while the TUNEL assay confirmed the apoptotic effect. The apoptotic effect was confirmed by transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay. Moreover, these drugs inhibited colon content of -Akt, β-catenin, and cyclin D1 immunoreactivity. The drugs also activated the tumor suppressor glycogen synthase kinase 3- β (GSK3-β) and upregulated the expression of the Nur77 gene, which represents the second arm of IL-6 signaling. However, only 5-FU upregulated miR-200a, another K-Ras downstream factor. The cytotoxic and migration/invasion assays verified the molecular trajectories. Accordingly, we evaluated the antineoplastic effect of Diac alone and its possible chemosensitization effect when added to 5-FU. This combination may target critical oncogenic pathways, including the IL-6/K-Ras/Notch/NF-κB p65 axis, -Akt/GSK3-β/β-catenin/cyclin D-1 hub, and Nur77.