Preparation and evaluation of chitosan/polyvinylpyrrolidone/zein composite hemostatic sponges.

Trauma-related excessive bleeding is one of the leading causes of death. Chitosan (CS) sponges have unique advantages in the treatment of massive bleeding, but their application is limited by poor stability and toxic crosslinking agent. In this work, chitosan/polyvinylpyrrolidone/zein (CS/PVP/Zein) sponges with macroporous structure were prepared, which exhibited rapid water absorption capacity and water-triggered expanding property with low cytotoxicity and low hemolysis ratio. In vitro blood coagulation experiments showed that CS/PVP/Zein sponges could clot blood significantly faster than commercial surgical gauze. Further investigation of the hemostatic mechanism suggested that the CS/PVP/Zein sponges could accelerate coagulation by promoting attachment of erythrocytes, activation of platelets, and rapid plasma protein absorption. Prepared sponges were also found effective in the rat femoral artery transection model to control bleeding. Overall, the CS/PVP/Zein sponges exhibited the potential to control trauma-related hemorrhage.