Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana.
Food Environ Virol. 2022 Jun;14(2):157-169. doi: 10.1007/s12560-022-09513-4. Epub 2022 Feb 12.
Waterborne diseases remain a public health concern in developing countries where many lack access to safe water. Water testing mainly uses bacterial indicators to assess water quality, which may not fully indicate the threat from other non-bacterial pathogens like enteric viruses. This study was done to ascertain and establish the viral load, the temporal and spatial distribution of rotavirus A and norovirus (GI and GII) in sewage and river water samples. A total of 45 samples of raw and treated sewage, and surface water, were collected from a sludge activated wastewater treatment plant in Gaborone, and after treatment from the Notwane River, Botswana, over a period of 9 months (February 2016 to October 2016). Viruses were concentrated using polyethylene glycol/NaCl precipitation. Virus detection was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Rotavirus A was the most prevalent (84.4% positive samples), followed by Norovirus GI (48.9% positive samples), and Norovirus GII 46.7% positive samples). Detected viral loads went up to 10 genome copies per liter (copies/L) for all the viruses. The enteric viruses were detected in all the study sites with highest detection from site S1 (inlet). There was no significant association between physicochemical parameters and viral loads, except for pH which showed significant relationship with rotavirus and norovirus GII (p ≤ 0.05). This is the first study in Botswana to highlight the occurrence and quantification of the enteric viruses in treated and untreated wastewater, as well as surface water.
在许多发展中国家，由于缺乏安全用水，水传播疾病仍然是一个公共卫生关注点。水质检测主要使用细菌指标来评估水质，但这可能无法充分表明其他非细菌性病原体（如肠道病毒）的威胁。本研究旨在确定和建立污水和河水样本中轮状病毒 A 和诺如病毒（GI 和 GII）的病毒载量、时空分布。总共从博茨瓦纳哈博罗内的一个污泥活性污水处理厂以及从博茨瓦纳的诺特瓦河（Notwane River）收集了 45 份未经处理和处理后的污水以及地表水样本，采集时间为 2016 年 2 月至 2016 年 10 月的 9 个月期间。使用聚乙二醇/氯化钠沉淀法浓缩病毒。使用实时聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测病毒。轮状病毒 A 的阳性样本比例最高（84.4%），其次是诺如病毒 GI（48.9%）和诺如病毒 GII（46.7%）。检测到的病毒载量高达所有病毒的 10 个基因组拷贝/升（copies/L）。在所研究的所有地点均检测到肠道病毒，其中 S1 点（入口）的检测率最高。除 pH 值外，理化参数与病毒载量之间没有显著相关性，pH 值与轮状病毒和诺如病毒 GII 呈显著相关（p≤0.05）。这是博茨瓦纳首次在未经处理和处理后的污水以及地表水样本中强调肠道病毒的发生和定量情况。
