Allyn Megan M, Luo Richard H, Hellwarth Elle B, Swindle-Reilly Katelyn E
William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Jan 28;8:787644. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.787644. eCollection 2021.
Age-related eye diseases are becoming more prevalent. A notable increase has been seen in the most common causes including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and cataract. Current clinical treatments vary from tissue replacement with polymers to topical eye drops and intravitreal injections. Research and development efforts have increased using polymers for sustained release to the eye to overcome treatment challenges, showing promise in improving drug release and delivery, patient experience, and treatment compliance. Polymers provide unique properties that allow for specific engineered devices to provide improved treatment options. Recent work has shown the utilization of synthetic and biopolymer derived biomaterials in various forms, with this review containing a focus on polymers Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for ocular use.
This provides an overview of some prevalent synthetic polymers and biopolymers used in ocular delivery and their benefits, brief discussion of the various types and synthesis methods used, and administration techniques. Polymers approved by the FDA for different applications in the eye are listed and compared to new polymers being explored in the literature. This article summarizes research findings using polymers for ocular drug delivery from various stages: laboratory, preclinical studies, clinical trials, and currently approved. This review also focuses on some of the challenges to bringing these new innovations to the clinic, including limited selection of approved polymers.
Polymers help improve drug delivery by increasing solubility, controlling pharmacokinetics, and extending release. Several polymer classes including synthetic, biopolymer, and combinations were discussed along with the benefits and challenges of each class. The ways both polymer synthesis and processing techniques can influence drug release in the eye were discussed.
The use of biomaterials, specifically polymers, is a well-studied field for drug delivery, and polymers have been used as implants in the eye for over 75 years. Promising new ocular drug delivery systems are emerging using polymers an innovative option for treating ocular diseases because of their tunable properties. This review touches on important considerations and challenges of using polymers for sustained ocular drug delivery with the goal translating research to the clinic.
与年龄相关的眼部疾病正变得越来越普遍。在包括青光眼、年龄相关性黄斑变性（AMD）和白内障等最常见病因方面，已出现显著增加。当前的临床治疗方法多种多样，从用聚合物进行组织置换到局部滴眼剂和玻璃体内注射。利用聚合物实现眼部缓释的研发工作有所增加，以克服治疗挑战，在改善药物释放与递送、患者体验及治疗依从性方面展现出前景。聚合物具有独特性能，能够制成特定的工程装置以提供更好的治疗选择。近期研究表明，各种形式的合成和生物聚合物衍生生物材料都有应用，本综述重点关注美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准用于眼部的聚合物。
本文概述了一些用于眼部给药的常见合成聚合物和生物聚合物及其益处，简要讨论了所使用的各种类型和合成方法以及给药技术。列出了FDA批准用于眼部不同应用的聚合物，并与文献中正在探索的新型聚合物进行比较。本文总结了在各个阶段使用聚合物进行眼部药物递送的研究结果：实验室研究、临床前研究、临床试验以及当前已获批准的情况。本综述还关注将这些新创新成果应用于临床所面临的一些挑战，包括获批聚合物的选择有限。
聚合物通过提高溶解度、控制药代动力学和延长释放来帮助改善药物递送。讨论了包括合成聚合物、生物聚合物及其组合在内的几类聚合物，以及每类聚合物的益处和挑战。探讨了聚合物合成和加工技术影响眼部药物释放的方式。
生物材料，特别是聚合物，在药物递送领域是一个经过充分研究的领域，聚合物作为眼部植入物已使用超过75年。由于其可调节的特性，使用聚合物的新型眼部药物递送系统正在涌现，是治疗眼部疾病的一种创新选择。本综述涉及使用聚合物进行眼部持续药物递送的重要考虑因素和挑战，目标是将研究成果转化应用于临床。
