The effects on Thailand of China's import restrictions on waste: measures and challenges related to the international recycling of waste plastic and e-waste.

This paper has outlined the measures and challenges facing Thailand, which was forced to address a surge in imports of plastic waste and e-waste after China imposed restrictions on its own imports of waste material. Thailand had imposed import restrictions and created an import permit system prior to China's decision. However, the nation was not prepared for the extent of the subsequent smuggling and other illegal activities, as evidenced by the various problems related to the permit system and customs enforceability in 2018. In response, Thailand banned imports of plastic waste and e-waste, resulting in a loss of business opportunities for companies with legal import permits. Other nations in Southeast Asia, such as Vietnam, Malaysia, and the Philippines, witnessed a similar surge in imports of plastic waste and e-waste after China's decision to restrict waste imports. These nations subsequently also imposed import bans and/or restrictions. However, the enforceability of such bans and restrictions may be limited in Asia. Thus, exporting countries must secure an appropriate international recycling mechanism.