Tretiakova D S, Vodovozova E L
Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
Biochem (Mosc) Suppl Ser A Membr Cell Biol. 2022;16(1):1-20. doi: 10.1134/S1990747822020076. Epub 2022 Feb 14.
The review considers liposomes as systems of substantial interest as adjuvant carriers in vaccinology due to their versatility and maximal biocompatibility. Research and development on the use of liposomes and lipid nanoparticles to create subunit vaccines for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases has been going on for several decades. In recent years, the area has seen serious progress due to the improvement of the technology of industrial production of various high-grade lipids suitable for parenteral administration and the emergence of new technologies and equipment for the production of liposomal preparations. When developing vaccines, it is necessary to take into account how the body's immune system (innate and adaptive immunity) functions. The review briefly describes some of the fundamental mechanisms underlying the mobilization of immunity when encountering an antigen, as well as the influence of liposome carriers on the processes of internalization of antigens by immunocompetent cells and ways of immune response induction. The results of the studies on the interactions of liposomes with antigen-presenting cells in function of the liposome size, charge, and phase state of the bilayer, which depends on the lipid composition, are often contradictory and should be verified in each specific case. The introduction of immunostimulant components into the composition of liposomal vaccine complexes-ligands of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors-permits modulation of the strength and type of the immune response. The review briefly discusses liposome-based vaccines approved for use in the clinic for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, including mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles. Examples of liposomal vaccines that undergo various stages of clinical trials are presented.
该综述认为，脂质体因其多功能性和最大生物相容性，作为疫苗学中佐剂载体极具研究价值。利用脂质体和脂质纳米颗粒制备用于预防和治疗传染病的亚单位疫苗的研发工作已持续数十年。近年来，由于适用于肠胃外给药的各种高级脂质的工业生产技术得到改进，以及脂质体制剂生产新技术和设备的出现，该领域取得了重大进展。在研发疫苗时，有必要考虑人体免疫系统（固有免疫和适应性免疫）的功能。该综述简要描述了遇到抗原时免疫动员的一些基本机制，以及脂质体载体对免疫细胞内化抗原过程和诱导免疫反应方式的影响。关于脂质体与抗原呈递细胞相互作用的研究结果，取决于脂质组成的脂质体大小、电荷和双层相态，往往相互矛盾，应在每个具体案例中加以验证。将免疫刺激成分引入脂质体疫苗复合物的组成中——病原体相关分子模式受体的配体——可以调节免疫反应的强度和类型。该综述简要讨论了已批准用于临床治疗和预防传染病的基于脂质体的疫苗，包括负载mRNA的脂质纳米颗粒。还介绍了处于临床试验各个阶段的脂质体疫苗实例。
