Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Department of Psychology, College of Literature, Science, and Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2022 Jul 6;116(1):197-205. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac049.
Ultra-processed foods contribute to risks of obesity and cardiometabolic disease, and higher intakes have been observed in low-income populations in the United States. Consumption of ultra-processed foods may be particularly higher among individuals experiencing food insecurity and participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).
Using data from the 2007-2016 NHANES, we examined the associations between food insecurity, SNAP participation, and ultra-processed food consumption.
The study population comprised 9190 adults, aged 20-65 y, with incomes ≤300% of the federal poverty level (FPL). Food insecurity was assessed using the Household Food Security Survey Module and SNAP participation over the past 12 mo was self-reported. Dietary intake was measured from two 24-h dietary recalls. Ultra-processed food consumption (percentage of total energy intake) was defined using the NOVA food classification system. Linear regression models were used to examine the associations between food insecurity, SNAP participation, and ultra-processed food consumption, adjusting for sociodemographic and health characteristics.
More severe food insecurity was associated with higher intakes of ultra-processed foods (P-trend = 0.003). The adjusted means of ultra-processed food intake ranged from 52.6% for adults with high food security to 55.7% for adults with very low food security. SNAP participation was also associated with higher intakes of ultra-processed foods (adjusted mean: 54.7%), compared with income-eligible participants (adjusted mean: 53.0%). Furthermore, the association between food insecurity and ultra-processed foods was modified by SNAP participation (P-interaction = 0.02). Among income-eligible nonparticipants and income-ineligible nonparticipants, more severe food insecurity was associated with higher consumption of ultra-processed foods. Among SNAP participants, the association between food insecurity and consumption of ultra-processed foods was nonsignificant.
In a nationally representative sample of adults, food insecurity and SNAP participation were both associated with higher levels of ultra-processed food consumption.
超加工食品会增加肥胖和心血管疾病的风险，而在美国低收入人群中的摄入量较高。在经历粮食不安全和参与补充营养援助计划（SNAP）的人群中，超加工食品的消费可能特别高。
利用 2007-2016 年 NHANES 数据，我们研究了粮食不安全、SNAP 参与度和超加工食品消费之间的关系。
研究人群包括 9190 名年龄在 20-65 岁、收入≤联邦贫困水平（FPL）的 300%的成年人。使用家庭粮食安全调查模块评估粮食不安全情况，过去 12 个月的 SNAP 参与情况为自我报告。饮食摄入通过两次 24 小时膳食回顾来测量。使用 NOVA 食品分类系统定义超加工食品的消费（占总能量摄入的百分比）。线性回归模型用于检验粮食不安全、SNAP 参与度和超加工食品消费之间的关系，同时调整了社会人口统计学和健康特征。
更严重的粮食不安全与超加工食品摄入量较高有关（P 趋势=0.003）。高粮食安全组的超加工食品摄入量调整均值为 52.6%，而极低粮食安全组的调整均值为 55.7%。与符合收入条件的参与者相比，SNAP 参与度也与超加工食品摄入量较高有关（调整均值：54.7%）。此外，粮食不安全与超加工食品之间的关系受到 SNAP 参与度的影响（交互作用 P=0.02）。在符合收入条件的非参与者和不符合收入条件的非参与者中，粮食不安全程度越严重，超加工食品的消费越高。在 SNAP 参与者中，粮食不安全与超加工食品消费之间的关系不显著。
在一个具有全国代表性的成年人样本中，粮食不安全和 SNAP 参与度均与超加工食品消费的高水平有关。
