Garrido Giovanna, Severo Fernanda Costa, Bonfim Samantha Marques Vasconcelos, Dias Laís Ferreira, Domingos Ana Luiza Gomes, Jones Andrew D, Saraiva Antonio Mauro, Marchioni Dirce Maria Lobo, Junior Eliseu Verly, Ribeiro Evandro Marcos Saidel, Jolliet Olivier, Sarti Flavia Mori, de Carvalho Aline Martins
Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo-FSP-USP, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil.
School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo-EACH-USP, São Paulo 03828-000, SP, Brazil.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025 Jun 5;22(6):897. doi: 10.3390/ijerph22060897.
The increase in chronic diseases and climate change in recent decades has been driven by food systems that affect both human health and the environment. This study investigated the interrelation between food consumption, obesity, undernutrition, and climate change, aiming to understand how these factors connect within the global syndemic. The methodology used was a scoping review, in which 12 articles were analyzed after an initial search that resulted in 11,208 references. The references were screened using the Rayyan software (Rayyan Systems Inc. (Doha, Qatar), version 1.6.1 and web-based version), removing duplicates and assessing the studies based on eligibility criteria. The articles addressed different aspects, such as the relationship between food consumption, obesity, undernutrition, and climate change, providing data on how food insecurity and socioeconomic conditions influence these conditions. In sequence, we developed a conceptual model to offer a detailed view of the factors affecting the global syndemic, considering the availability of food, its accessibility, stability in supply, and its use in the diet. The model recognizes that climate change affects food consumption both directly and indirectly. Direct effects include the impact of extreme weather events-such as floods and droughts-on the availability, access, quantity, and quality of food. Indirectly, climate change exacerbates socioeconomic vulnerabilities and disrupts food systems in more structural ways, contributing to increased food insecurity. The findings revealed that food insecurity, in turn, can lead to both obesity and undernutrition, particularly among vulnerable populations. There was a scarcity of studies that integrated the relationship between undernutrition, climate change, and food consumption, especially in certain regional contexts such as Latin America. The evidence gathered in the literature and the conceptual model provide a foundation for future research and the development of more effective public policies that integrate food issues, public health, and climate change in a more holistic and interconnected approach.
近几十年来，慢性病的增加和气候变化是由影响人类健康和环境的食物系统所驱动的。本研究调查了食物消费、肥胖、营养不良和气候变化之间的相互关系，旨在了解这些因素在全球综合征中是如何联系在一起的。所采用的方法是范围综述，在初步检索得到11208篇参考文献后，对其中12篇文章进行了分析。使用Rayyan软件（Rayyan Systems Inc.（卡塔尔多哈），版本1.6.1和基于网络的版本）对参考文献进行筛选，去除重复项，并根据入选标准评估研究。这些文章涉及不同方面，如食物消费、肥胖、营养不良和气候变化之间的关系，提供了关于粮食不安全和社会经济状况如何影响这些状况的数据。接着，我们构建了一个概念模型，以详细阐述影响全球综合征的因素，考虑食物的可得性、可及性、供应稳定性及其在饮食中的使用。该模型认识到气候变化对食物消费有直接和间接的影响。直接影响包括极端天气事件（如洪水和干旱）对食物的可得性、可及性、数量和质量的影响。间接影响方面，气候变化加剧了社会经济脆弱性，并以更具结构性的方式扰乱食物系统,导致粮食不安全加剧。研究结果表明，粮食不安全反过来又会导致肥胖和营养不良，尤其是在弱势群体中。整合营养不良、气候变化和食物消费之间关系的研究很少，特别是在拉丁美洲等某些区域背景下。文献中收集的证据和概念模型为未来的研究以及制定更有效的公共政策提供了基础，这些政策将以更全面和相互关联的方式整合食物问题、公共卫生和气候变化。
