Petrović Ana, Manley David, van Ham Maarten
Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Appl Spat Anal Policy. 2022;15(1):95-116. doi: 10.1007/s12061-021-09394-3. Epub 2021 Jun 1.
Contextual poverty refers to high proportions of people with a low income in a certain (residential) space, and it can affect individual socioeconomic outcomes as well as decisions to move into or out of the neighbourhood. Contextual poverty is a multiscale phenomenon: Poverty levels at the regional scale reflect regional economic development, while meso-scale concentrations of poverty within cities are related to city-specific social, economic and housing characteristics. Within cities, poverty can also concentrate at micro spatial scales, which are often neglected, largely due to a lack of data. Exposure to poverty at lower spatial scales, such as housing blocks and streets, is important because it can influence individuals through social mechanisms such as role models or social networks. This paper is based on the premise that sociospatial context is necessarily multiscalar, and therefore contextual poverty is a multiscale problem which can be better understood through the inequality within and between places at different spatial scales. The question is how to compare different spatial contexts if we know that they include various spatial scales. Our measure of contextual poverty embraces 101 spatial scales and compares different locations within and between municipalities in the Netherlands. We found that the national inequality primarily came from the concentrations of poverty in areas of a few kilometres, located in cities, which have different spatial patterns of contextual poverty, such as multicentre, core-periphery and east-west. In addition to the inequality between municipalities, there are considerable within-municipality inequalities, particularly among micro-areas of a few hundred metres.
情境贫困是指在特定（居住）空间内低收入人群的高比例，它会影响个人的社会经济结果以及进出该社区的决策。情境贫困是一种多尺度现象：区域尺度的贫困水平反映区域经济发展，而城市内部中观尺度的贫困集中与城市特定的社会、经济和住房特征相关。在城市内部，贫困也可能集中在微观空间尺度上，而这往往被忽视，主要是由于缺乏数据。在较低空间尺度（如住宅区和街道）接触贫困很重要，因为它可以通过榜样或社会网络等社会机制影响个人。本文基于社会空间背景必然是多尺度的这一前提，因此情境贫困是一个多尺度问题，通过不同空间尺度上地点内部和之间的不平等可以更好地理解它。问题是，如果我们知道不同的空间背景包含各种空间尺度，那么如何对它们进行比较。我们对情境贫困的衡量涵盖101个空间尺度，并比较了荷兰各市政当局内部和之间的不同地点。我们发现，全国的不平等主要源于城市中几公里区域内的贫困集中，这些区域具有不同的情境贫困空间模式，如多中心、核心-边缘和东西向。除了市政当局之间的不平等外，市政当局内部也存在相当大的不平等，特别是在几百米的微观区域之间。
