Eskreis-Winkler Lauren, Fishbach Ayelet
Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University.
Booth School of Business, University of Chicago.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2022 Nov;123(5):941-956. doi: 10.1037/pspa0000297. Epub 2022 Feb 28.
We present a new consequence of stereotypes: they affect the length of communications. People say more about events that violate common stereotypes than those that confirm them, a phenomenon we dub . Across two public data sets, government officials wrote longer reports when negative events befell White people (stereotype-inconsistent) than when the same events befell Black or Hispanic people (stereotype-consistent). Officers authored longer missing child reports of White (vs. Black or Hispanic) children (Study 1a), and medical examiners wrote longer reports of unidentified White (vs. Black or Hispanic) bodies (Study 1b). In follow-up experiments, communicators found stereotype-inconsistent events more surprising and this prompted them to elaborate (Study 2). Surprised elaboration occurred for negative events (i.e., crimes, misdemeanors) and also positive ones (i.e., weddings; Study 3). We found that surprised elaboration has policy implications. Observers preferred to funnel government and media resources toward White victims, since their case reports were longer, even when longer reports were not more informative (Studies 4-6). Together, these studies introduce surprised elaboration, a new theoretical phenomenon with implications for public policy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
它们会影响沟通的长度。人们对违反常见刻板印象的事件比那些证实刻板印象的事件说得更多，我们将这一现象称为……。在两个公共数据集里，当白人遭遇负面事件（与刻板印象不符）时，政府官员撰写的报告比同样的事件发生在黑人或西班牙裔人身上（与刻板印象相符）时更长。警察撰写的关于白人（相对于黑人或西班牙裔）儿童失踪的报告更长（研究1a），法医撰写的关于身份不明的白人（相对于黑人或西班牙裔）尸体的报告更长（研究1b）。在后续实验中，沟通者发现与刻板印象不符的事件更令人惊讶，这促使他们详细阐述（研究2）。对负面事件（即犯罪、轻罪）和正面事件（即婚礼；研究3）都会出现惊讶后的详细阐述。我们发现惊讶后的详细阐述具有政策影响。观察者更倾向于将政府和媒体资源导向白人受害者，因为他们的案件报告更长，即使更长的报告并没有更多信息（研究4 - 6）。总之，这些研究引入了惊讶后的详细阐述，这是一种对公共政策有影响的新理论现象。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2022美国心理学会，保留所有权利）
