Li Lin, Xiang Dan, Wu Ya-Fen, Huang Yu-Dan, Li Huan, Zhang Xiao-Mei, Liang Bin
College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China.
Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2022 Feb;33(2):415-422. doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202202.027.
The phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) technique was used to investigate the effects of fertilization on soil characteristics and microbial community of tomato in a solar greenhouse in Shouguang, Shandong Province, China, based on a long-term (12-year) fertilization experiment. The experiment involved a control (CK) and five fertilization treatments, namely, traditional nitrogen application (CN), traditional nitrogen application+straw return (CNS), optimized nitrogen application (SN), optimized nitrogen application+straw return (SNS), and organic manure nitrogen application+straw return (MNS). Results showed that the contents of soil organic matter and avai-lable P and K under all fertilization treatments were significantly higher than that of CK, but no significant difference among fertilization treatments. The traditional nitrogen application (, CN and CNS) significantly decreased soil pH. The reduction of nitrogen fertilizer (, SN, SNS and MNS) did not affect soil pH. Compared with CK, no straw treatment (, CN and SN) and MNS did not affect the content of soil available N, but nitrogen combined with straw returned (, CNS and SNS) significantly increased soil available N content. The optimized N with straw return (, SNS) treatment resulted in the highest soil available N. Compared with CK and treatments without straw (, CN, SN), treatments with straw (, MNS, CNS and SNS) substantially changed soil microbial community structure and increased the biomass of soil bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, mycorrhizal fungi, and the total amount of PLFA. SNS treatment had the highest soil microbial diversity, the highest biomass of soil bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, the highest total amount of PLFA, the highest ratios of fungi/bacteria and monounsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (MONO/SAT), the two indicators for soil ecosystem stability. Further, it had the lowest ratios of iso/anteiso fatty acids (i/a) and gram-positive/gram-negative bacteria (G/G), the indicators for nutritional stress. Redundancy and correlation analysis revealed that soil organic matter was the main factor affecting soil microbial community structure, with a significant positive correlation with actinomycetes and gram-positive bacteria. In conclusion, straw returning combined with optimized nitrogen application (, SNS, 8 t·hm of wheat straw with N fertilizer reduced by 58.3%) could improve soil nutrient status, soil microbial biomass, soil microbial community structure, and soil ecological environment. It would be an effective measure for reducing fertilizer application and improving efficiency.
基于一项为期12年的施肥试验，采用磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）技术研究了施肥对中国山东省寿光市日光温室内番茄土壤特性和微生物群落的影响。该试验包括一个对照（CK）和五种施肥处理，即传统施氮（CN）、传统施氮+秸秆还田（CNS）、优化施氮（SN）、优化施氮+秸秆还田（SNS）以及有机肥施氮+秸秆还田（MNS）。结果表明，所有施肥处理下土壤有机质、有效磷和钾的含量均显著高于对照，但各施肥处理之间无显著差异。传统施氮（CN和CNS）显著降低了土壤pH值。减少氮肥用量（SN、SNS和MNS）对土壤pH值没有影响。与对照相比，不进行秸秆处理（CN和SN）以及MNS对土壤有效氮含量没有影响，但氮肥与秸秆还田相结合（CNS和SNS）显著提高了土壤有效氮含量。优化施氮并秸秆还田（SNS）处理使土壤有效氮含量最高。与对照和不进行秸秆处理的处理（CN、SN）相比，进行秸秆处理的处理（MNS、CNS和SNS）显著改变了土壤微生物群落结构，增加了土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、菌根真菌的生物量以及PLFA总量。SNS处理的土壤微生物多样性最高，土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的生物量最高，PLFA总量最高，真菌/细菌和单不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸（MONO/SAT）的比例最高，这两个指标代表土壤生态系统稳定性。此外，它的异/反异脂肪酸（i/a）和革兰氏阳性/革兰氏阴性细菌（G/G）的比例最低，这两个指标代表营养胁迫。冗余分析和相关性分析表明，土壤有机质是影响土壤微生物群落结构的主要因素，与放线菌和革兰氏阳性细菌呈显著正相关。总之，秸秆还田与优化施氮相结合（SNS，8吨·公顷小麦秸秆，氮肥用量减少58.3%）可以改善土壤养分状况、土壤微生物生物量、土壤微生物群落结构和土壤生态环境。这将是减少化肥施用量并提高效率（的有效措施）。
