Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Dongyang Mirae University, Seoul, South Korea.
Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
Trends Biochem Sci. 2022 Jun;47(6):464-476. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.02.004. Epub 2022 Feb 28.
Prokaryotes use clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins as an adaptive immune system. CRISPR-Cas systems preserve molecular memories of infections by integrating short fragments of foreign nucleic acids as spacers into the host CRISPR array in a process termed 'adaptation'. Functional spacers ensure a robust immune response by Cas effectors, which neutralizes subsequent infection through RNA-guided interference pathways. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries that have advanced our understanding of adaptation, with a focus on how functional spacers are generated and incorporated through many widespread, but type-specific, mechanisms. Finally, we highlight future directions and outstanding questions for a more thorough understanding of CRISPR adaptation.
原核生物利用成簇规律间隔短回文重复（CRISPR）和 CRISPR 相关（Cas）蛋白作为适应性免疫系统。CRISPR-Cas 系统通过将外源核酸的短片段整合到宿主 CRISPR 阵列中作为间隔子来保存感染的分子记忆，这个过程被称为“适应”。功能间隔子通过 Cas 效应物确保了强大的免疫反应，Cas 效应物通过 RNA 引导的干扰途径中和随后的感染。在这篇综述中，我们总结了最近的发现，这些发现提高了我们对适应的理解，重点介绍了功能间隔子是如何通过许多广泛但特定类型的机制产生和整合的。最后，我们强调了未来的方向和未解决的问题，以更深入地了解 CRISPR 的适应。
