Rubin S E, Wagner R S
Surv Ophthalmol. 1986 May-Jun;30(6):366-76. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(86)90090-1.
Torticollis can arise from nonocular (usually musculoskeletal) and ocular conditions. Abnormal head position for ocular reasons is usually assumed in order to maintain binocularity and/or to optimize visual acuity. A variety of conditions may be responsible. The sensory organ of position sense, the labyrinth, lies within the inner ear and it relates to eye movement in both a dynamic and static fashion. The Bielschowsky head tilt test is based on the functioning of the otolithic apparatus and is the primary test in evaluating abnormal head position. Treatment is usually surgical, with extent and location dependent upon on the underlying cause. While corrective surgery has usually been done on an elective basis for cosmetic purposes, there is evidence that uncorrected torticollis can cause musculoskeletal problems. This review describes the physiological bases for ocular torticollis and the diagnosis and treatment of its various underlying causes.
斜颈可由非眼部（通常为肌肉骨骼）和眼部疾病引起。因眼部原因导致的异常头部姿势通常是为了维持双眼视觉和/或优化视力。多种情况可能导致这种现象。位置觉的感觉器官——内耳中的迷路，以动态和静态方式与眼球运动相关。Bielschowsky 头位倾斜试验基于耳石器官的功能，是评估异常头部姿势的主要检查方法。治疗通常采用手术，手术范围和位置取决于潜在病因。虽然矫正手术通常是出于美容目的而择期进行，但有证据表明未经矫正的斜颈会导致肌肉骨骼问题。本综述描述了眼性斜颈的生理基础及其各种潜在病因的诊断和治疗。
