Dahuang Fuzi Baijiang decoction restricts progenitor to terminally exhausted T cell differentiation in colorectal cancer.

Obesity increases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) by 30%. The obese tumor microenvironment compromises antitumor immunity by eliciting exhausted T cells (Tex). Hypothesizing that Dahuang Fuzi Baijiang decoction (DFB) is a combined classical prescription from the "Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber". We first determined that DFB regresses tumor growth in high-fat diet-induced obese mice by expanding the TIM3 subset with intermediate expression of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1 TIM ) and restricting the PD-1 TIM3 subset. Transcription factor 1 (TCF1) is highly expressed in the PD-1 TIM3 subset but is absent in PD-1 TIM3 cells. We next confirmed that progenitor PD-1 TCF cells robustly produce tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interferon-γ, whereas terminally differentiated PD-1 TCF cells have defects in generating TNFα. With transgenic ob/ob mice, we found that DFB produces cooperative efficacy with anti-PD-1 (αPD-1) by limiting the PD-1 Tim3 subset and amplifying the PD-1 TCF population. Finally, we defined the recombinant chemokine C-C-motif receptor 2 (CCR2) CD8 subset as terminal Tex and identified that the differentiation from progenitor to terminal Tex is driven, at least in part, by the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2)/CCR2 axis. The CCR2 inhibitor enhances the response to αPD-1 by promoting the counts of progenitor Tex. Altogether, DFB dampens CCL2 and preserves progenitor Tex in the obese microenvironment to restrain CRC progression. These findings provide unambiguous evidence that the traditional Chinese formula DFB can prevent tumor progression by modulating adaptive immunity and establish a strong rationale for further clinical verification.