Li Xiqing, Feng Lizhou, Fan Xiaolin, Huang Jianwen, Du Yueyin
Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jun 20;826:154191. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154191. Epub 2022 Feb 28.
2-fluoro-deschloroketamine (FDCK) is a ketamine (KET) analog and new psychoactive substance that has appeared on the drug market in Europe and China in the past few years. The substance has been recently listed as a controlled drug by the narcotics control authority of China. In this work, FDCK and its metabolite nor-fluoro-deschloroketmaine (N-FDCK) in wastewater were analyzed for the first time to monitor FDCK abuse in a southern Chinese province that used to be a major producer and consumer of ketamine. For comparison, KET and its metabolite, nor-ketamine (N-KET) were monitored simultaneously. The concentration ratios between FDCK and N-FDCK were not statistically different from those of KET and N-KET. The average FDCK loads in the province in 2019 were higher than KET loads in most major cities in China in 2014 (when KET abuse hit its peak in the country). Rough estimation of FDCK and KET consumption revealed that FDCK was the predominant synthetic drug in the province in 2019, indicating rapid spread of the substance since its first appearance on the market. FDCK consumption decreased dramatically in 2020 and 2021, due to proactive actions by the local drug police before its listing as a controlled drug. Despite the dramatic decrease, FDCK was still the drug with greatest consumption by 2021, indicating that this substance persisted on the market even in the presence of forceful law enforcement. This finding also demonstrates that this substance may indeed have similar or even improved psychoactive effects relative to KET. Quick spread and persistence of FDCK demonstrated here indicates the urgent need to conduct wastewater-based monitoring of the abuse of the substance in other Chinese provinces and other countries.
2-氟-去氯氯胺酮（FDCK）是氯胺酮（KET）的类似物，也是一种新型精神活性物质，在过去几年中已出现在欧洲和中国的毒品市场上。该物质最近被中国麻醉药品管制部门列为管制药物。在这项工作中，首次对废水中的FDCK及其代谢物去氟去氯氯胺酮（N-FDCK）进行了分析，以监测中国南方一个省份的FDCK滥用情况，该省份曾是氯胺酮的主要生产和消费地。为作比较，同时监测了氯胺酮及其代谢物去甲氯胺酮（N-KET）。FDCK与N-FDCK之间的浓度比与氯胺酮和N-KET的浓度比无统计学差异。2019年该省份FDCK的平均负荷高于2014年中国大多数主要城市的氯胺酮负荷（当时中国氯胺酮滥用达到顶峰）。对FDCK和氯胺酮消费量的粗略估计显示，FDCK是2019年该省份主要的合成毒品，表明该物质自首次进入市场以来迅速传播。由于当地缉毒警察在其被列为管制药物之前采取了积极行动，2020年和2021年FDCK消费量大幅下降。尽管大幅下降，但到2021年FDCK仍是消费量最大的毒品，这表明即使在强力执法的情况下，该物质仍在市场上存在。这一发现还表明，该物质的精神活性作用可能确实与氯胺酮相似甚至更强。此处所展示的FDCK的迅速传播和持续存在表明，迫切需要在中国其他省份和其他国家对该物质的滥用情况进行基于废水的监测。
