Androgens in male contraception.

Rates of unplanned pregnancies are high globally, burdening women and families. Efforts to develop male contraceptive agents have been thwarted by unacceptable failure rates, side effects and a dearth of pharmaceutical industry involvement. Hormonal male contraception consists of exogenous androgens which exert negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and suppress gonadotropin production. This in turn suppresses testicular testosterone production and sperm maturation. Addition of a progestin suppresses spermatogenesis more effectively in men. Contraceptive efficacy studies in couples have shown male hormonal methods are effective and reversible, but also may come with side effects related to sexual desire, acne and serum cholesterol and inconvenient methods of dosing and delivery. Recently, novel androgens as potential contraceptive agents are being evaluated in early clinical trials and look to overcome these drawbacks. Here we summarize landmark studies of prototype male hormonal contraceptives, showcasing recent advances and future prospects in this important area of public health.