Mzadi Abdennour El, Zouini Btissame, Kerekes Nóra, Senhaji Meftaha
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.
Department of Health Sciences, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden.
Front Psychiatry. 2022 Feb 21;12:752539. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.752539. eCollection 2021.
Adolescent high school students may be particularly susceptible to suffering from the effect of isolation, physical distancing restrictions, and school closures imposed during the COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) pandemic. Given the biological and psychological changes that occur during this period of development, adolescents' experiences of these pandemic measures could significantly threaten their mental health and cause long-term consequences.
The main objectives of the study were to determine the impact of confinement because of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on the psychological distress of Moroccan adolescents and identify the risk and protective factors that could influence their mental health.
The participants in this study were Moroccan high school students who were recruited at two different times-before the COVID-19 pandemic (350 students, mean age: 16.55 years; 53.71% female; data collected in 2014/2015) and after the announcement of the pandemic (457 students, mean age: 16.84; 64.1% female; data collected in 2020). Students responded to an anonymous survey that included several validated instruments, such as the Brief Symptom Inventory and the Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity questionary, and elicited information about the students' psychosocial environment, gender, and age. The scores on the Brief Symptom Inventory dimensions from the pre-pandemic period and during 2020 were compared. A comparison between the scores of the two genders of the 2020 sample was also carried out. In addition, binary regression analysis was performed to predict the associations between gender, frequency of physical activity, the presence of the number of negative psychosocial factors, and those dimensions of the Brief Symptom Inventory that significantly changed between the samples.
Female students reported higher psychological distress than male students in both data collection periods. During the COVID-19 pandemic, students scored significantly ( < 0.001) higher in depression and paranoid ideation, and they scored significantly ( = 0.01) lower in hostility and anxiety compared with the pre-pandemic period. Female gender and the experience of physical or psychological abuse significantly increased the risk of reporting higher scores in depression and paranoid ideation symptoms during 2020. Moderate and frequent physical activities were significantly and negatively associated with depression ( = 0.003 and = 0.004; respectively).
This study confirms the stressful impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Moroccan high school students, who reported more symptoms of depression and paranoid ideation compared with the pre-COVID-19 period. Female students reported higher psychological distress than male students did. The experience of physical /psychological abuse during the pandemic worsened mental health, while moderate/frequent physical activity improved it.
青少年高中生可能特别容易受到2019年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行期间实施的隔离、物理距离限制和学校关闭的影响。鉴于这一发育阶段会发生的生理和心理变化，青少年对这些大流行措施的体验可能会严重威胁他们的心理健康并造成长期后果。
本研究的主要目的是确定因COVID-19大流行限制而实施的禁闭对摩洛哥青少年心理困扰的影响，并确定可能影响他们心理健康的风险和保护因素。
本研究的参与者是摩洛哥高中生，在两个不同时间招募——COVID-19大流行之前（350名学生，平均年龄：16.55岁；53.71%为女性；2014/2015年收集数据）和大流行宣布之后（457名学生，平均年龄：16.84岁；64.1%为女性；2020年收集数据）。学生们回答了一项匿名调查，其中包括几种经过验证的工具，如简明症状量表和戈丁-谢泼德休闲时间体育活动问卷，并收集了有关学生心理社会环境、性别和年龄的信息。比较了大流行前时期和2020年期间简明症状量表各维度的得分。还对2020年样本中两个性别的得分进行了比较。此外，进行了二元回归分析，以预测性别、体育活动频率、负面心理社会因素数量与样本之间显著变化的简明症状量表维度之间的关联。
在两个数据收集期，女生报告的心理困扰均高于男生。在COVID-19大流行期间，与大流行前时期相比，学生在抑郁和偏执观念方面的得分显著更高（P<0.001），在敌意和焦虑方面的得分显著更低（P=0.01）。女性性别以及身体或心理虐待经历显著增加了在2020年报告抑郁和偏执观念症状高分的风险。适度和频繁的体育活动与抑郁显著负相关（分别为P=0.003和P=0.004）。
本研究证实了COVID-19大流行对摩洛哥高中生的压力影响，与COVID-19之前的时期相比，他们报告了更多的抑郁和偏执观念症状。女生报告的心理困扰高于男生。大流行期间的身体/心理虐待经历会恶化心理健康，而适度/频繁的体育活动则会改善心理健康。
