Luo Yiming, Zheng Wanwan, Wang Xuanjun, Shen Fei
High-Tech Institute of Xi'an, Xi'an 710025, China.
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
Molecules. 2022 Feb 22;27(5):1465. doi: 10.3390/molecules27051465.
As a momentous energetic group, a nitro group widely exists in high-energy-density materials (HEDMs), such as trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine (RDX), etc. The nitro group has a significant effect on improving the oxygen balance and detonation performances of energetic materials (EMs). Moreover, the nitro group is a strong electron-withdrawing group, and it can increase the acidity of the acidic hydrogen-containing nitrogen-rich energetic compounds to facilitate the construction of energetic ionic salts. Thus, it is possible to design nitro-nitrogen-rich energetic compounds with adjustable properties. In this paper, the nitration methods of azoles, including imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole, and oxadiazole, as well as azines, including pyrazine, pyridazine, triazine, and tetrazine, have been concluded. Furthermore, the prospect of the future development of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic energetic compounds has been stated, so as to provide references for researchers who are engaged in the synthesis of EMs.
作为一个重要的含能基团，硝基广泛存在于高能量密度材料（HEDMs）中，如三硝基甲苯（TNT）、1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯（TATB）、环三亚甲基三硝胺（RDX）等。硝基对改善含能材料（EMs）的氧平衡和爆轰性能有显著影响。此外，硝基是一个强吸电子基团，它可以提高含酸性氢的富氮含能化合物的酸度，便于构建含能离子盐。因此，设计性能可调的硝基富氮含能化合物成为可能。本文总结了唑类（包括咪唑、吡唑、三唑、四唑和恶二唑）以及嗪类（包括吡嗪、哒嗪、三嗪和四嗪）的硝化方法。此外，阐述了富氮杂环含能化合物未来的发展前景，为从事含能材料合成的研究人员提供参考。
