Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China.
Cells. 2022 Mar 7;11(5):916. doi: 10.3390/cells11050916.
The mucosal immune system of the respiratory tract possesses an effective "defense barrier" against the invading pathogenic microorganisms; therefore, the lungs of healthy organisms are considered to be sterile for a long time according to the strong pathogens-eliminating ability. The emergence of next-generation sequencing technology has accelerated the studies about the microbial communities and immune regulating functions of lung microbiota during the past two decades. The acquisition and maturation of respiratory microbiota during childhood are mainly determined by the birth mode, diet structure, environmental exposure and antibiotic usage. However, the formation and development of lung microbiota in early life might affect the occurrence of respiratory diseases throughout the whole life cycle. The interplay and crosstalk between the gut and lung can be realized by the direct exchange of microbial species through the lymph circulation, moreover, the bioactive metabolites produced by the gut microbiota and lung microbiota can be changed via blood circulation. Complicated interactions among the lung microbiota, the respiratory viruses, and the host immune system can regulate the immune homeostasis and affect the inflammatory response in the lung. Probiotics, prebiotics, functional foods and fecal microbiota transplantation can all be used to maintain the microbial homeostasis of intestinal microbiota and lung microbiota. Therefore, various kinds of interventions on manipulating the symbiotic microbiota might be explored as novel effective strategies to prevent and control respiratory diseases.
呼吸道的黏膜免疫系统对入侵的病原微生物具有有效的“防御屏障”；因此，根据强大的病原体消除能力，健康生物的肺部在很长一段时间内被认为是无菌的。下一代测序技术的出现加速了过去二十年中对肺微生物群落和免疫调节功能的研究。儿童时期呼吸道微生物群的获得和成熟主要取决于分娩方式、饮食结构、环境暴露和抗生素使用。然而，肺微生物群在生命早期的形成和发展可能会影响整个生命周期中呼吸道疾病的发生。肠道和肺部之间的相互作用和串扰可以通过淋巴循环直接交换微生物种类来实现，此外，肠道微生物群和肺微生物群产生的生物活性代谢物可以通过血液循环发生变化。肺部微生物群、呼吸道病毒和宿主免疫系统之间复杂的相互作用可以调节免疫平衡并影响肺部的炎症反应。益生菌、益生元、功能性食品和粪便微生物群移植都可用于维持肠道微生物群和肺微生物群的微生物平衡。因此，各种操纵共生微生物的干预措施可能被探索作为预防和控制呼吸道疾病的新的有效策略。
