Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Int J Pharm. 2022 Apr 25;618:121656. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121656. Epub 2022 Mar 9.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic disease that affects the skin, and that is characterized by highly itchy inflammation, frequent eczematous lesions, and a fluctuating course. The current treatment consists of a multi-stage approach that aims to establish persistent disease control towards the improvement of the quality of life of the patients. Topical therapy is the basis of AD treatment, however, due to the difficulty of crossing the skin barrier, topical application of drugs remains a challenge. In fact, in addition to the low skin bioavailability, and limited accessibility to deeper skin of the drugs - due to difficulty in penetrating the epidermis - implemented drugs in the clinical are associated with serious adverse effects, which are responsible for safety and efficacy limitations, leading to a reduction in patients' compliance. Nanotechnology arises as an emerging approach for the treatment of AD, allowing for controlled release, targeted delivery, improved penetration, and bioavailability of drugs assets, resulting in marked improved therapeutic efficacy and reduction of adverse effects. Although its promising outputs, additional studies are needed to recognize the toxicological characteristics, cost-benefit, and long-term safety of nanocarriers applied to this end. Advanced drug delivery systems, particularly nanoemulsions, liposomes, ethosomes, transfersomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanocrystals, polymeric nanoparticles, and polymeric micelles have been used, and are thoroughly addressed in this review as promising nanoformulations towards the topical treatment of AD.
特应性皮炎（AD）是一种影响皮肤的慢性疾病，其特征为高度瘙痒性炎症、频繁的湿疹样病变和波动的病程。目前的治疗包括多阶段方法，旨在实现持续的疾病控制，从而改善患者的生活质量。局部治疗是 AD 治疗的基础，但由于药物难以穿透皮肤屏障，因此局部应用药物仍然是一个挑战。事实上，除了药物的皮肤生物利用度低、由于难以穿透表皮而导致药物对皮肤深层的可及性有限之外，临床应用的药物还会引起严重的不良反应，这是安全性和疗效限制的原因，导致患者的顺应性降低。纳米技术作为 AD 治疗的新兴方法出现，可实现药物资产的控制释放、靶向递送、增强渗透和生物利用度，从而显著提高治疗效果并减少不良反应。尽管前景广阔，但仍需要进一步研究以了解应用于这一目的的纳米载体的毒理学特征、成本效益和长期安全性。本综述深入探讨了各种先进的药物传递系统，特别是纳米乳剂、脂质体、醇质体、转质体、固体脂质纳米粒、纳米结构脂质载体、纳米晶体、聚合物纳米粒和聚合物胶束，作为治疗 AD 的有前途的纳米制剂。
