Whitehead R G, Lawrence M, Prentice A M
Hum Nutr Appl Nutr. 1986;40 Suppl 1:1-10.
In this short review we will first summarize current theories relating to maternal nutritional needs during human lactation, then deal with dietary situations where theory and experimental findings differ. In fact such a divergence occurs most of the time, both in affluent countries and especially in the Third World. We will then consider the various hypotheses which are currently being tested in an attempt to rationalize this complex but crucially important enigma. These hypotheses suggest that the mother can 'adapt' both physiologically and behaviourally in order to protect the adequate nutrition of her baby. Finally we will discuss the health significance of what happens when the mother's ability to accommodate the nutritional stresses of pregnancy and lactation fails. Although we have been asked to deal just with lactation, from time to time it will also become necessary to consider events occurring during pregnancy in order to place the nutritional stresses of lactation within a rational biological perspective. Whilst in the medical world, parturition tends to be a watershed event which divides one clinical specialty from another, in nutritional terms its main significance is merely that the mother switches feeding her baby from one part of her anatomy to another. In so far as her nutritional requirements are concerned pregnancy and lactation are part of the same continuum.
在这篇简短的综述中，我们首先将总结当前有关人类哺乳期母亲营养需求的理论，然后探讨理论与实验结果存在差异的饮食情况。事实上，这种差异在大多数时候都会出现，无论是在富裕国家，尤其是在第三世界。接着，我们将考虑目前正在检验的各种假说，试图使这个复杂但至关重要的谜题合理化。这些假说表明，母亲可以在生理和行为上“适应”，以确保其婴儿获得充足的营养。最后，我们将讨论当母亲应对怀孕和哺乳期营养压力的能力不足时会产生的健康影响。尽管我们被要求只讨论哺乳期，但为了从合理的生物学角度看待哺乳期的营养压力，有时也有必要考虑怀孕期间发生的事情。在医学领域，分娩往往是一个分水岭事件，将一个临床专科与另一个区分开来，但就营养而言，其主要意义仅仅是母亲将喂养婴儿的方式从身体的一个部位转换到另一个部位。就母亲的营养需求而言，怀孕和哺乳期是同一连续体的一部分。
