Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2022;54:313-339. doi: 10.1007/7854_2022_302.
An alarming high proportion of youth experience at least one kind of stressor in childhood and/or adolescence. Exposure to early life stress is associated with increased risk for psychopathology, accelerated biological aging, and poor physical health; however, it is important to recognize that not all youth who experience such stress go on to develop difficulties. In fact, resilience, or positive adaptation in the face of adversity, is relatively common. Individual differences in vulnerability or resilience to the effects of early stress may be represented in the brain as specific patterns, profiles, or signatures of neural activation, structure, and connectivity (i.e., neurophenotypes). Whereas neurophenotypes of risk that reflect the deleterious effects of early stress on the developing brain are likely to exacerbate negative outcomes in youth, neurophenotypes of resilience may reduce the risk of experiencing these negative outcomes and instead promote positive functioning. In this chapter we describe our perspective concerning the neurobiological mechanisms and moderators of risk and resilience in adolescence following early life stress and integrate our own work into this framework. We present findings suggesting that exposure to stress in childhood and adolescence is associated with functional and structural alterations in neurobiological systems that are important for social-affective processing and for cognitive control. While some of these neurobiological alterations increase risk for psychopathology, they may also help to limit adolescents' sensitivity to subsequent negative experiences. We also discuss person-centered strategies that we believe can advance our understanding of risk and resilience to early stress in adolescents. Finally, we describe ways in which the field can broaden its focus to include a consideration of other types of environmental factors, such as environmental pollutants, in affecting both risk and resilience to stress-related health difficulties in youth.
相当高比例的年轻人在儿童期和/或青春期至少经历过一种应激源。早期生活压力的暴露与精神病理学风险增加、生物衰老加速和身体健康状况不佳有关；然而，重要的是要认识到，并非所有经历过这种压力的年轻人都会出现困难。事实上，面对逆境时的韧性或积极适应是相对常见的。个体对早期压力影响的脆弱性或韧性的差异可能在大脑中表现为特定的神经激活、结构和连接模式、特征或特征（即神经表型）。虽然反映早期压力对发育中大脑的有害影响的风险神经表型可能会加剧年轻人的负面后果，但韧性神经表型可能会降低经历这些负面后果的风险，反而会促进积极的功能。在这一章中，我们描述了我们对青少年早期生活压力后风险和韧性的神经生物学机制和调节因素的观点，并将我们自己的工作纳入这一框架。我们提出的研究结果表明，儿童期和青春期的压力暴露与对社会情感处理和认知控制很重要的神经生物学系统的功能和结构改变有关。虽然这些神经生物学改变中的一些会增加精神病理学的风险，但它们也可能有助于限制青少年对随后负面经历的敏感性。我们还讨论了我们认为可以促进我们对青少年早期应激风险和韧性的理解的以个体为中心的策略。最后，我们描述了该领域如何扩大其重点，以考虑其他类型的环境因素（如环境污染物）对与压力相关的青年健康困难的风险和韧性的影响。
