Speranza Luisa, Filiz Kardelen Dalim, Lippiello Pellegrino, Ferraro Maria Grazia, Pascarella Silvia, Miniaci Maria Concetta, Volpicelli Floriana
Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
Biomedicines. 2024 Sep 2;12(9):1978. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12091978.
Stress profoundly affects physical and mental health, particularly when experienced early in life. Early-life stress (ELS) encompasses adverse childhood experiences such as abuse, neglect, violence, or chronic poverty. These stressors can induce long-lasting changes in brain structure and function, impacting areas involved in emotion regulation, cognition, and stress response. Consequently, individuals exposed to high levels of ELS are at an increased risk for mental health disorders like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders, as well as physical health issues, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. This review explores the biological and psychological consequences of early-life adversity paradigms in rodents, such as maternal separation or deprivation and limited bedding or nesting. The study of these experimental models have revealed that the organism's response to ELS is complex, involving genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, and is associated with the dysregulation of physiological systems like the nervous, neuroendocrine, and immune systems, in a sex-dependent fashion. Understanding the impact of ELS is crucial for developing effective interventions and preventive strategies in humans exposed to stressful or traumatic experiences in childhood.
压力对身心健康有深远影响，尤其是在生命早期经历时。早期生活压力（ELS）包括童年不良经历，如虐待、忽视、暴力或长期贫困。这些压力源可导致大脑结构和功能发生持久变化，影响涉及情绪调节、认知和应激反应的区域。因此，暴露于高水平ELS的个体患抑郁症、焦虑症和创伤后应激障碍等心理健康障碍以及代谢紊乱、心血管疾病和癌症等身体健康问题的风险增加。本综述探讨了啮齿动物早期生活逆境模式的生物学和心理学后果，如母婴分离或剥夺以及有限的垫料或筑巢。对这些实验模型的研究表明，生物体对ELS的反应是复杂的，涉及遗传和表观遗传机制，并且以性别依赖的方式与神经、神经内分泌和免疫系统等生理系统的失调有关。了解ELS的影响对于为童年经历过压力或创伤性经历的人制定有效的干预措施和预防策略至关重要。
